Choose three correct answers out of six. 1. Which bones in the human skeleton are movably connected? 1) temporal and parietal 2) thoracic vertebrae 3) lower jaw with skull 4) femoral and pelvic

Skeletal features

The musculoskeletal system consists of the skeleton and muscles. It allows a person to perform various movements, and also protects internal organs from damage. The skeleton determines the shape of the body and muscles are attached to it. In the human body there are more than 220 bones that form the skeleton of the head, torso, upper and lower limbs and their girdles. In men, the mass of skeletal bones is 18% of body weight, and in women – 16%.

The connection of bones in the skeleton is divided into three types: fixed, semi-mobile and mobile. The fixed connection is represented by the bones of the skull, the semi-mobile connection is the connection of the vertebrae or ribs with the sternum, carried out with the help of cartilage and ligaments. Finally, the joints are movably connected. Each joint consists of articular surfaces, a bursa and fluid located in the articular cavity. Joint fluid reduces bone friction during movement. Joints are most often strengthened by ligaments, which limit the range of motion.

The human skeleton consists of bones. There are long (bones of the shoulder, forearm, thigh, lower leg), short (bones of the hand and foot) and flat (bones of the skull, scapula) bones. On top of the bones are covered with a dense shell - periosteum, through the small holes of which blood vessels pass that feed the bone. Thanks to the periosteum, the growth of bones in thickness and the fusion of bones during a fracture are ensured. The ends of the bone are covered with cartilage. Due to the division of cartilage cells, the bone grows in length. Behind the periosteum there is a compact, dense substance impregnated with calcium salts, and underneath it is spongy bone, which consists of many intersecting bone plates that give them strength. Long tubular bones have a cavity inside filled with bone marrow.

The skeleton consists of the bones of the head (skull), torso, upper and lower extremities.

The skull consists of the brain and facial sections. The brain section - the cranium - protects the brain from damage. The brain section is formed by the frontal, occipital, two parietal and two temporal bones. The facial part of the skull includes various large and small bones (for example, the upper and lower jaws, zygomatic and nasal bones). All of them are motionlessly connected to each other, except for the mandibular bone.

The skeleton of the body is formed by the spine and rib cage. The spine includes 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 4–5 coccygeal vertebrae, according to which five sections of the spine are distinguished - cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal. The human spine, unlike the spine of animals, has four curves. Their appearance is associated with upright posture and helps soften shocks when walking, running, jumping, and protect internal organs and the spinal cord from concussions. Each vertebra consists of a body and an arch with several processes. Inside the spine is the spinal canal, which surrounds the spinal cord.

The thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and breastbone (sternum) form the rib cage, which is located in the upper part of the torso. The chest protects the heart and lungs located in it from damage. A person has 12 pairs of flat, arched ribs. The ribs are movably articulated with the vertebrae at the back, and at the front they (except for the two pairs of lower ribs) are connected to the sternum, located along the midline of the chest, using flexible cartilage. This allows the rib cage to expand or contract as you breathe.

The skeleton of the upper limb (arm) consists of three sections: the shoulder, forearm and hand. The long humerus forms the shoulder. Two bones, the ulna and the radius, make up the forearm. Connected to the forearm is the hand, which consists of small bones of the wrist and metacarpus, forming the palm, and flexible movable fingers (humans have five of them, and the thumb, unlike animals, is opposed to the other four). With the help of the shoulder blades and collarbones, which form the shoulder girdle, the bones of the arm are attached to the bones of the torso.

The lower limb (leg) consists of the thigh, lower leg and foot. The hip is formed by the femur, which is the largest bone in our body. The lower leg consists of two tibia bones, and the foot consists of several bones, the largest of which is the heel bone. The lower limbs are attached to the body using the lower limb girdle (pelvic bones). In humans, the pelvic bones are wider and more massive than in animals. The bones of the limbs are movably connected to each other using joints.

Incorrect body position for a long time (for example, sitting at a table with your head constantly bowed, incorrect posture, etc.), as well as some hereditary causes lead (especially in combination with poor nutrition and poor physical development) to poor posture. Poor posture can be prevented by developing the correct posture at the table, as well as by playing sports (swimming, special gymnastics complexes). Another common skeletal disorder is flatfoot - a foot deformity that occurs as a result of disease, fractures, or prolonged overload of the foot during the period of growth of the body. With flat feet, the foot touches the floor with the entire area of ​​the sole. As preventive measures, it is recommended to select shoes more carefully and use a special set of exercises for the muscles of the lower leg and foot.

Excessive physical stress on a bone can cause it to fracture. Fractures are divided into open (that is, with the presence of a wound) and closed. Three quarters of all fractures occur in the arms and legs. Signs of a fracture are severe pain in the area of ​​injury, deformation of the limb in the area of ​​the fracture and impairment of its function. If a fracture is suspected, the injured person must be given first aid: stop the bleeding, cover the fracture site with a sterile bandage (in the case of an open fracture), ensure immobility of the injured area by applying a splint (any rigid object that is tied to the limb above and below the fracture site so , to immobilize both the damaged bone and both joints) and deliver the patient to a medical facility. There, using x-ray diagnostics, the fracture site is localized and it is determined whether the fragments are displaced. Then the bone fragments are combined (in no case should you do this yourself) and a plaster cast is applied, ensuring fusion of the bone. A less severe injury is a bruise (muscle damage from an impact, often accompanied by subcutaneous hemorrhage). Local application of cold (ice pack, cold water jet) can reduce pain in minor bruises.

A dislocation is a persistent displacement of the articular ends of bones, which causes dysfunction of the joint. Do not try to correct the dislocation yourself; this may cause additional injury. It is necessary to immobilize the damaged joint and apply cold to it; Warming compresses are contraindicated in this case. Then the victim must be urgently transferred to a doctor.

Anatomical skeleton of a leg, human foot: diagram, description

The legs belong to the lower extremities section. They have several departments and function thanks to mutual support.

The legs are attached to the lower limb girdle (pelvis), but not all of them are spaced evenly. There are several that are located only at the back. If we consider the structure of the legs from the front, we can note the presence of the following bones:

• Femoral
• Patellar
• Bolshebertsov
• Malobertsovykh
• Tarsal
• Plusnevyh
• Phalanx

Structure of the foot
The heel bone is located at the back. It connects the leg and foot. However, it is impossible to see it on an x-ray from the front. In general, the foot differs in its structure and includes:

• Heel bone
• Ram
• Cuboid
• Scaphoid
• 3rd wedge-shaped
• 2nd wedge-shaped
• 1st wedge-shaped
• 1st metatarsal
• 2nd metatarsal
• 3rd metatarsal
• 4th metatarsal
• 5th metatarsal
• Main phalanges
• Terminal phalanges

All bones are connected to each other, which allows the foot to function fully. If one of the parts is injured, the work of the entire department will be disrupted, therefore, for various injuries, it is necessary to take a number of methods aimed at immobilizing the affected area and contact a traumatologist or surgeon.

Which bones in the human skeleton are connected movably by means of a joint and motionlessly?

For the normal functioning of bones, they need reliable protection and fixation. For this purpose, there is a joint that plays a connecting role. However, not all bones are fixed in a movable state in our body. We cannot move many of them at all, but in their absence our life and health would not be complete.

Fixed bones include the skull , since the bone is integral and does not require any connecting materials.

The sedentary ones, which are connected to the skeleton by cartilage, are:

• Thoracic ends of ribs
• Vertebrae

Movable bones that are fixed by joints include the following:

• Shoulder
• Elbow
• Radiocarpal
• Femoral
• Knee
• tibial
• fibular

Anatomical skeleton of the human chest and pelvis: diagram, description

The chest in the body protects the most important organs and the spine from injury, and also prevents their displacement and deformation. The pelvis plays the role of a frame that keeps the organs immobile. It is also worth saying that it is to the pelvis that our legs are attached.

The chest, or rather its frame, consists of 4 parts:

• Two sides
• Front
• Rear

The frame of the human chest is represented by the ribs, the sternum itself, the vertebrae and the ligaments and joints connecting them.

The back support is the spine, and the front part of the chest consists of cartilage. In total, this part of the skeleton has 12 pairs of ribs (1 pair attached to a vertebra).

Anatomy of the chest

By the way, the chest encircles all vital organs:

• Heart
• Lungs
• Pancreas
• Part of the stomach

However, when diseases of the spine occur, as well as its deformation, the ribs and parts of the cage can also change, creating unnecessary compression and pain.

The shape of the sternum can vary depending on genetics, breathing patterns, and overall health. Infants, as a rule, have a protruding chest, but during the period of active growth it becomes less visually pronounced. It is also worth saying that in women it is more well developed and has advantages in width compared to men.

The pelvis differs significantly depending on the gender of the person. Women have the following characteristics:

• Large width
• Shorter length
• The shape of the cavity resembles a cylinder
• The entrance to the pelvis is rounded
• The sacrum is short and wide
• The wings of the ilium are horizontal
• The angle of the pubic area reaches 90-100 degrees

Men have the following characteristics:

• The pelvis is narrower, but high
• The wings of the ilium are located horizontally
• The sacrum is narrower and longer
• Pubic angle about 70-75 degrees
• Card Heart Login Form
• Pelvic cavity resembling a cone

Human pelvis
General structure includes:

• Greater pelvis (fifth lumbar vertebra, posterior superior axis of the garter, sacroiliac joint)
• Border line (sacrum, coccyx)
• Small pelvis (pubic symphysis, anterior superior part of the garter)

What is the longest, most massive, strong and small bone in the human skeleton?

The adult human body contains a huge number of bones of different diameters, sizes and densities. We don’t even know about the existence of many of them, because they are not felt at all.

But there are a few of the most interesting bones that help support body functions, while being significantly different from others.

• The femur is considered to be the longest and most massive. Its length in the body of an adult reaches at least 45 cm or more. It also affects the ability to walk and balance, and the length of the legs. It is the femur that takes on most of a person’s weight when moving and can support up to 200 kg of weight.
• The smallest bone is the stirrup. It is located in the middle ear and weighs several grams and is 3-4 mm long. But the stirrup allows you to capture sound vibrations, therefore it is one of the most important parts in the structure of the organ of hearing.
• The only part of the skull that retains motor activity is the lower jaw. She is able to withstand a load of several hundred kilograms, thanks to her developed facial muscles and specific structure.
• The tibia can rightfully be considered the strongest bone in the human body. It is this bone that can withstand compression with a force of up to 4000 kg, which is a full 1000 more than the femur.

Anatomical skeleton of the human shoulder and forearm: diagram, description

The shoulders not only connect the arms to the body, but also help the body acquire the necessary proportionality from an aesthetic point of view.

At the same time, it is one of the most vulnerable parts of the body. After all, the forearm and shoulders bear a huge load, both in everyday life and when playing sports with heavy weight. The structure of this part of the skeleton is as follows:

• Clavicle (has the connecting function of the scapula and the main skeleton)
• Shoulder blade (combines the muscles of the back and arms)
• Coracoid process (holds all ligaments)
• Brachial process (protects from damage)
• Glenoid cavity of the scapula (also has a connecting function)
• Head of the humerus (forms an abutment)
• Anatomical neck of the humerus (supports the fibrous tissue of the joint capsule)
• Humerus (provides movement)

Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint
As you can see, all sections of the shoulder and forearm complement each other's functions, and are also placed in such a way as to provide maximum protection to the joints and thinner bones. With their help, the hands move freely, starting from the phalanges of the fingers and ending with the collarbones.

Anatomical skeleton of the neck, human skull: diagram, description

The neck and skull are complementary parts of the skeleton. After all, without each other they will not have fastenings, which means they will not be able to function. The skull combines several parts. They are divided into subcategories:

• Frontal
• Parietal
• Occipital
• Temporal
• Zygomatic
• Lacrimal
• Nasals
• Lattice
• Wedge-shaped

In addition, the lower and upper jaws are also related to the structure of the skull.

human anatomy

Human skull

The neck is slightly different and includes:

• sternum
• Clavicles
• Thyroid cartilage
• Hyoid bone

They connect to the most important parts of the spine and help all the bones function without straining them due to their correct position.

Which bones are tubular in the human skeleton?

Tubular or long bones are those that have a cylindrical or trihedral shape. Their length is greater than their width. Such bones grow due to the process of lengthening the body, and at the ends they have an epiphysis covered with hyaline cartilage. The following bones are called tubular:

• Femoral
• fibular
• tibial
• Shoulder
• Elbow
• Radiation

Tubular bones
The short tubular bones are:

• Phalanx
• Metacarpals
• Metatarsals

The above-mentioned bones are not only the longest, but also the strongest, because they can withstand great pressure and weight. Their growth depends on the general condition of the body and the amount of growth hormone produced. Tubular bones make up almost 50% of the entire human skeleton.

Anatomical skeleton of a human arm and hand: diagram, description

Hands allow us to lead a full life. However, this is one of the most complex sections in the human body. After all, many bones complement each other’s functions. Therefore, if one of them is damaged, we will not be able to return to our previous activities without receiving medical assistance. The skeleton of the hand means:

• Clavicle
• Shoulder and scapula joints
• Spatula
• humerus
• Elbow joint
• Ulna
• Radius
• Wrist
• Metacarpal bones
• Presence of proximal, intermediate and distal phalanges

Anatomical drawing of the hand
Joints connect the main bones to each other, therefore they ensure not only their movement, but also the work of the entire hand. If the intermediate or distal phalanges are injured, other parts of the skeleton will not suffer, since they are not connected to more important parts. But if there are problems with the collarbone, humerus or ulna, the person will not be able to control and fully move the arm.

Therefore, if you have received any injury, you cannot ignore going to the doctor, because in the case of tissue fusion without proper help, this is fraught with complete immobility in the future.

How long does it take for the human skeleton to grow?

On average, the process of growth and development of the human body lasts from the moment of intrauterine conception to 25 years. Under the influence of many factors, this phenomenon may slow down, or, conversely, not stop until a more mature age. Such influencing features include:

• Lifestyle
• Food quality
• Heredity
• Hormonal imbalances
• Illnesses during pregnancy
• Genetic diseases
• Substance use
• Alcoholism
• Lack of physical activity

Many bones are formed under the influence of the production of growth hormone, but in medicine there are cases where people continued to grow throughout 40-50 years of life or, on the contrary, stopped in childhood.

• This may be associated with a number of genetic diseases, as well as disorders of the adrenal glands, thyroid gland and other organs.
• It is also important to note that the height of people in different countries differs significantly. For example, in Peru, most women are no taller than 150 cm, and men are no taller than 160 cm. While in Norway it is almost impossible to meet a person shorter than 170 cm. This significant difference is caused by evolutionary development. People had a need to obtain food, so their height and figure depended on the degree of activity and quality of food.

Here are some interesting facts about the development of the human body, in particular about growth.

Growth of the human skeleton

If you are over 25 but want to grow taller, there are several methods that can help you increase your height at almost any age:

• Sports (regular physical exercise can correct your posture by adding a few centimeters).
• Pulling on the horizontal bar (under the influence of gravity, the vertebrae will take an anatomically correct shape and lengthen the overall height).
• Elizarov’s apparatus (suitable for the most radical citizens; the principle of operation is to increase the total length of the legs by 2-4 cm; before you decide, it is worth noting that the procedure is painful, since both legs of the patient are first broken, after which he is immobilized by the apparatus for several months, and then plaster). This method is only indicated when prescribed by a doctor.
• Yoga and swimming (with the development of flexibility of the spine, its length increases, and, consequently, height).

The main guarantee of a happy life is health. Before deciding on any surgical interventions, it is worth understanding the risks, as well as the consequences.

The skeleton is the natural support for our body. And taking care of it by giving up bad habits and proper nutrition will save you from joint diseases, fractures and other troubles in the future.

It is also worth remembering that in case of injury you must consult a doctor. After all, if the bone heals naturally, there is a risk of paralysis of the limb, and this in turn will lead to the need to further break the bone in order for it to heal properly.