Neurosis - symptoms in adults, causes, first signs and treatment

Origin and causes

The name “neurosis” originated back in 1776 during a dispute between two doctors studying mental disorders. The Italian G. Morgagni specialized in pathological anatomy. He argued that neurasthenia is a consequence of physiological changes in organs and tissues. In his opinion, the pathology could be provoked by a protracted inflammatory process, tissue degeneration, or genetic characteristics. The Italian specialist’s opponent was the Scot W. Cullen. He considered the only possible cause to be the combined influence of neuropsychic factors. It was Cullen’s opinion that turned out to be correct, and the term he proposed was included in the official list of diagnoses.

In-depth study of the issue over many years has not yielded a comprehensive definition. Psychiatry and biology give different explanations for the deviation in question. Soviet scientist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov wrote that the essence of nervousness is a prolonged overstrain of nervous processes in the brain associated with destructive external stimuli. Sigmund Freud saw the reason in the opposition of the hidden instinct to social prohibitions. American psychologist Karen Horney blamed childhood trauma. Modern experts identify several prerequisites that provoke the disease.

What is associated with the development of pathology?

Biological background

• Impaired synthesis of neurotransmitters. The activity of these substances affects the functioning of the nervous system and affects mood. Deficiency of mediators negatively affects well-being and causes depression.
• Intoxication. With prolonged negative effects of toxins, mental problems can be detected. Intoxication can occur due to the consumption of certain substances (medicines, alcohol, drugs), long-term illness, or poisoning.
• Complications of certain pathologies. It may be a consequence of other internal processes and abnormalities: a malignant or benign tumor, vitamin deficiency, damage to the nervous system of various etiologies.

Psychogenic causes

• Prolonged experience. Study stress, difficult work, excessive emotional overload, loss.
• Inability to confront problems. The catalyst for an obsessive state can be an insoluble situation (large debt, loss of position).
• Patient's personality bias. Impressiveness, regular feelings of anxiety, tendency to exaggerate and dramatize.
• Unsatisfied ambitions. Failure of events to meet expectations can be a big shock.
• Upbringing. Lack of normal relationships with parents, aggression, domestic violence.

However, it is often not possible to identify specific preconditions. In recent years, the total number of registered cases of HP has increased 25 times. The most common is obsessive-compulsive disorder. On average, severe pathology affecting the quality of life is found in every third inhabitant of the Earth.

Difference between depressive neurosis and other neurotic disorders

First, let's find out what the differences between depression and neurosis are. Neurosis is a general concept for a whole group of psychogenic disorders, the appearance of which is caused by regular exposure to external stress factors. In the early stages of the disease, it is enough to eliminate these factors or change your attitude towards them for recovery to occur.

Depression is an affective disorder, that is, a mood disorder, which is characterized by a lack of ability to enjoy the positive phenomena of life, an unreasonable depressed state for a long time, a significant loss of strength and extreme fatigue. With depression, external factors are basically just a catalyst that triggers a serious illness formed by endogenous causes, including hereditary ones. The combination of a depressive and neurotic clinical picture is characteristic of depressive neurosis, but in a significantly softened version.

Despite apathy and a decrease in mental activity, the patient remains able to work, and in some circumstances is even absorbed in work; general lethargy has virtually no effect on the results of work. Apathy extends more to relationships in society - there is no desire to communicate or attend crowded meetings. The skills of habitual socialization themselves do not disappear, interest in them simply dries up.

There is no total depression; patients diagnosed with depressive neurosis do not lose self-control and are capable of adequate communication and assessment of what is happening. They do not have the painful feeling of a lack of feelings and a complete disappearance of emotions and interest in life. The sleep disturbances characteristic of ordinary depression in the form of early awakenings with the inability to resume sleep again are absent or only rarely appear. During the day, the condition may worsen slightly in the evening, while with a purely affective depressive disorder, on the contrary, it becomes a little easier in the evening. The presence of somato-vegetative disorders in this disease forces one to turn to general practitioners (most often therapists, neurologists) who treat common diseases, who can prescribe symptomatic treatment that does not correct the situation and prolongs the course of the disease.

As a differentiation from similar disorders, morning fatigue, characteristic of asthenic neurosis, is not accompanied by feelings of melancholy, restlessness and anxiety, as with depression, just as there is no extreme fixation on symptoms and the search for imaginary diseases, as is the case with hypochondria.

In general, the symptoms are much milder than the clinical picture of classical depression, in which the future is hopeless. Neurotic depression allows you to plan, see prospects and strive to achieve them, while bracketing the negativity of the existing unfavorable state of affairs. All these features and subtle differences can only be noticed by an experienced psychotherapist in order to differentiate depressive neurosis from other types of neurotic and affective disorders.

Signs of deviation in neurosis

Diagnosis involves a comprehensive assessment. Treatment of neurosis is prescribed after identifying the following fundamental signs that distinguish HP:

• The leading role of psychogenic deviation in the deterioration of well-being;
• Reversibility of deviations in the nervous system;
• The picture is not complemented by signs of psychosis (obvious mental disorders, phobias);
• The person does not have dementia, personality changes do not progress;
• The patient is aware of the pathological nature of thoughts and retains critical thinking.

As a rule, with neurosis, two types of symptoms are found: mental and physiological.

Physical symptoms and signs of neurasthenia

• Headache, constant dizziness and autonomic disorders. There is a feeling of squeezing, pulsation, tingling in the temples.
• Discomfort in the chest and heart area. Compression, pain, various rhythm disturbances - tachycardia, bradycardia.
• Pain in the stomach. It may hurt, pull or twist after the experience.
• Deterioration in performance and asthenic syndromes. Weakness, fatigue. Memory and thinking suffer. Chronic feeling of fatigue.
• Nervous pressure changes associated with attacks. It becomes dark in the eyes, I can’t breathe, my head is spinning.
• Loss of coordination. Noticeable external symptoms of neurosis are clumsiness and difficulties in the functioning of the vestibular apparatus.
• Psychalgia. Painful sensations not related to physiology, but caused by anxiety.
• Deterioration in the quality of sexual life. There is a decrease in sexual desire, tension negatively affects potency.
• Speech defects. Stuttering is common.
• Change in appetite. It manifests itself individually as gluttony and refusal of food.

What mental symptoms should be considered if a disorder is suspected:

• Insomnia and difficulty falling asleep;
• Emotional distress without adequate prerequisites;
• Panic attacks, acute reactions and grievances, fear;
• Difficulty making decisions, difficulties communicating, inability to cope with stress;
• Inappropriate reactions to events - aggression or tears;
• Manifestations include incorrect self-esteem - overestimation or underestimation;
• Changes in mood, fatigue, memory loss, irritability are detected;
• ND may include dwelling on an unpleasant situation from the past;
• Inconsistency of life values, dependence of self-perception on temperature changes, loud sounds or bright light.

It is necessary to understand that symptoms do not necessarily include all of the listed events. A comprehensive assessment of manifestations followed by a diagnosis is rational.

Symptoms of neurosis

There are a number of areas in which disturbances indicate the development of neurotic conditions.

General health . With neurosis, a person quickly gets tired, his performance decreases, and his sleep is disturbed.

Emotional sphere . Mood constantly fluctuates, sensitivity to stress increases, irritability, depression, and anxiety appear for no apparent reason. Phobias, panic attacks and obsessive thoughts may develop.

Cognitive functions . Memory deteriorates, concentration and stability of attention decrease, and thinking slows down. A person is haunted by obsessive thoughts, images, memories, and desires; he becomes fixated on his feelings about a stressful situation. Sensitivity to stimuli affecting the senses increases, and various unpleasant sensations appear.

Volitional functions and attraction . With neuroses, there is a violation of sexual functions (decreased libido and potency), an appetite disorder (malnutrition or, on the contrary, overeating). Obsessive actions of an obvious or hidden nature arise, directed at oneself or at others. A narrowing of social interests is also possible.

Internal organs and systems of the body . With neurosis, changes in blood pressure are often observed (usually it decreases), shortness of breath, sweating, gastrointestinal disorders, disorders of the vestibular system (dizziness, imbalance), etc. These signs are somatic, but their appearance in combination with disorders in other areas can serve as a good reason to contact a specialist.

Treatment methods for neurasthenia

The treatment tactics for neurosis are determined by the doctor depending on the severity of the pathology. In some cases, you can get rid of HP using psychotherapy alone. Properly selected psychologist activities are the fundamental technique for treating neurasthenia. The reversibility of neurosis and a positive reaction to mental influences allows you to quickly achieve healthy thinking. Based on the specifics of the methods, there are:

Pathogenic. Designed to fight the root cause. They help identify conflict, resolve internal contradictions, and mitigate childhood trauma, the consequences of which have become a pathology in adulthood. The most effective methods of therapy are: psychodynamic, systemic, cognitive, integrative.

Symptomatic. They allow you to correct behavior during stressful situations, help lay down the principles of objective perception, and independently stop panic symptoms. They use hypnotherapy, breathing techniques, and relaxing painting.

Sometimes the diagnosis requires medical intervention. Usually, drugs act as a “second fiddle” to achieve rapid physical and mental relief. These products should only be consumed under the supervision of a specialist. The drugs have a wide range of limitations and side effects.

Types of neuroses

There are different types of neuroses. The most common of them are:

• anxiety-phobic disorders, manifested in the form of attacks of fear and causeless anxiety. There is a fear of various situations that do not pose a real danger: fear of closed spaces, fear of being the center of attention, of receiving a negative assessment from another person;
• depressive disorders, characterized by a melancholy mood with a feeling of inferiority, abandonment, loneliness, sadness, which are subject to daily and seasonal fluctuations and are usually accompanied by anxiety, apathy, increased fatigue, decreased attention, memory, obsessions, disappointment in everyone and everything, sleep disturbance;
• obsessive disorders, characterized by recurrent, uncontrollable intrusive thoughts, sensations, images, or compulsive actions. They are often associated with fear of infection, contamination, the need to constantly double-check one’s actions, and fears of harming oneself; and in connection with them with certain actions: obsessive hand washing or brushing teeth, putting things in perfect order.

All these manifestations are closely intertwined and can appear in various combinations. Only a neurologist can identify true neurosis after a conversation and examination of the patient. It is the specialist who will be able to separate the signs of neurosis from the manifestations of other somatic diseases (hypertension, heart disease, consequences of injuries, etc.), as well as from complications after taking medications and from truly mental illnesses.

You can find out more details and make an appointment with a specialist by phone.

Types of drugs for relieving neurosis

• Tranquilizers. Means that reduce emotional anxiety and tension.
• Neuroleptics. Suppress psychomotor agitation, reduce the speed of the brain reaction without loss of consciousness.
• Sedatives. They calm down, relieve hysterical neurosis, and normalize the emotional background.
• Antidepressants. Increases the level of neurotransmitters. This is the main way to combat depression using pills.

When conducting therapy among adults and children, light therapy, long walks in the fresh air, and communication with loved ones are recommended. It is good if the patient is engaged in some activity with pleasure, for example, creativity or handicrafts.

Features of the course in men

Neurosis occurs differently in all people. In women, the hysterical variety is more often found. Characterized by unstable behavior, dramatization of situations, tears and screams. Symptoms when treating neurosis in men who require treatment are somewhat different. They are less likely to encounter a diagnosis, but more often progress the condition to its extreme stages. In representatives of the stronger sex, the diagnosis is often associated with overexertion and workaholism. Common features include:

• Aggression. Reactions to familiar things become acute. A man responds to everyday events with anger.
• Low self-esteem. A person does not believe in himself and is afraid to start a new business.
• Strong self-criticism. They place high and sometimes unattainable demands on themselves.
• Inability to adapt to the situation. Even a small failure unsettles a man with neurosis.

Of particular importance for representatives of the stronger sex is such a manifestation as decreased libido. Sexual life is becoming less and less attractive. In addition, there is a complete or partial absence of erection. This leads to the progression of a nervous disorder and forces one to completely withdraw into oneself. It is important that the male half of society has always been distinguished by hushing up its own problems. Hiding the facts and the lack of measures taken also provokes the development of HP in a man.

Causes of neurosis

People tolerate stressful situations differently, react differently to what is happening around them, so the reasons for the development of neurotic conditions may not be the same. However, it is possible to identify a certain general number of factors that lead to the occurrence of neurosis:

• prolonged emotional stress;
• physical activity without proper rest;
• constant overwork;
• disruption of the sleep-wake cycle;
• characteristics of human character and psyche;
• inability to relax, irrepressible craving for work;
• the presence of hopeless situations that make a person nervous;
• genetic predisposition;
• eating disorders;
• traumatic brain injuries;
• infections;
• intoxication;
• diseases of internal organs.

Some of the reasons that predispose to the development of neurosis can be completely avoided if you monitor your lifestyle.

Progress and consequences of late treatment

The development of neurosis does not have a specific time frame. Progress depends on the root cause, current circumstances and the strength of character of the person himself. Experts distinguish three stages:

• Initial. A person reacts poorly to stressful situations. Feels irritated and angry for no reason. May complain to a specialist about sleep problems.
• Moderate (hypersthenic). Characteristic signs are associated with increased excitability. Overexcitation is observed, hysterics and attacks of anger are possible.
• Hyposthenic. Accompanied by loss of interest in life. The patient gets tired excessively and quickly, falls into apathy.

At the first manifestations of HP, it is urgent to conduct a full examination. Long-term non-intervention leads to difficulties in the family and at work, inadequate assessment of personality, and the development of concomitant chronic diseases (disorders of the heart rhythm and the muscle itself, gastrointestinal pathologies, vascular disorders). If a person does not treat neurosis for more than 6-24 months, he may encounter a neurotic personality change. In this case, the condition will be irreversible. Outbursts of anger will increase, self-control will decrease to a minimum, and obsessive-compulsive syndrome may appear.

Treatment of neuroses

According to scientific studies conducted in the USA and European countries, one of the most effective psychotherapeutic approaches in the treatment of neuroses is cognitive behavioral psychotherapy.

In our medical center GMS Clinic you can get professional help from a clinical psychologist who will help you increase control over feelings of anxiety and fear, learn to cope with stress, and restore a sense of confidence and calm.

If you are experiencing temporary life difficulties or suspect serious psychological problems, contact GMS Clinic for professional psychological help to sign up for individual, family or group psychotherapy. Here they will always listen to you and help you!

Treatment in hospital

A pronounced positive effect comes from conducting therapy in the clinic. All conditions for a comfortable stay have been created here. Surveillance is carried out around the clock. The inpatient treatment program includes:

• Carrying out diagnostics. Basic techniques will allow you to identify chronic pathologies that can cause neurosis.
• Sessions of general and individual psychotherapy. The result of treatment largely depends on the work of the psychologist.
• Monitoring the intake of pharmacological agents. At home, it is not always possible to comply with the regimen and dosage of medications.
• Related techniques to normalize the condition. Listening to music, drawing, reading literature can have a beneficial effect on the patient.

It is important that the patient will be cut off from pathogenic society: intensive work, conflicts at home and domestic quarrels. This will also have a beneficial effect on the healing process. Affordable prices and guaranteed results make hospital treatment a priority in getting rid of neurosis.

What treatment is used?

Psychotherapy is offered to people suffering from neurosis.
The symptoms of neurosis affect daily life, which is greatly impaired. And as soon as the quality of life decreases, it is worth seeking the help of a psychotherapist. In a safe therapeutic space, the patient has the opportunity to express his feelings, dominant obsessive thoughts, which creates the opportunity to distance himself from internal conflict, become aware of its origins, and also to change beliefs, thinking and, therefore, also feelings.

Drug treatment also brings results, the inclusion of which is decided by a psychiatrist. According to doctors, patients often say after treatment: “I’m breathing again!” You should not ignore the symptoms of neurosis, because it worsens the quality of life.

The harm of self-medication

Many people try to get treatment based on advice taken from a dubious website. Following such recommendations and taking measures on your own is extremely dangerous. The following situations may occur in response to improper treatment:

• Progression of neurosis;
• Development of a persistent irreversible disorder;
• The appearance of other chronic diseases;
• Suicidal thoughts;
• Drug poisoning;
• Problems in society;
• Damaged relationships with loved ones and colleagues.

Outpatient program and remission

In the absence of an aggravating factor, therapy can be carried out on an outpatient basis. Treatment includes identical points:

• Attending psychotherapeutic sessions in accordance with the approved schedule;
• Taking medications according to indications as needed;
• Treatment of the underlying provoking disease, if present;
• Searching for some kind of “outlet” in hobbies and creativity;
• Gradual return to society.

Neurosis is highly treatable, under the supervision of the attending physician, and quickly fades into the background. Relapses are observed in rare cases, but as part of psychotherapy, the patient is taught to independently cope with anxious thoughts and panic. If you follow all the recommendations, peace and joy will forever take away nervous tension.

Why is this happening?

The thing is that psychological trauma alone is not enough for the development of neurosis. The impression should lie on well-prepared soil. An important link in the process of neurosis formation is personality characteristics. The psychotraumatic factor, the very seed from which neurosis will later develop, must have special individual significance.

Studies have identified personality characteristics whose owners are more predisposed to neuroses than others:

• sensitivity or hypersensitivity,
• anxious suspiciousness,
• emotional lability - rapid change of mood for ​insignificant reasons,
• demonstrative behavior,
• depressive traits,
• rigidity (difficulty adapting to changed conditions).

Prevention

Primary and secondary prevention of HP plays an important role. Even after complete recovery, it is important to follow recommendations to prevent relapse. The prevention program involves actions such as:

• Maintaining a healthy lifestyle. A balanced diet, adherence to sleep and rest, and exercise are the main pillars of a healthy nervous system. Narcotic substances are strictly prohibited. You should not drink alcohol regularly or in large quantities. It is advisable to completely give up tobacco products.
• Prevention of traumatic effects. One of the main goals is to minimize stress, avoid conflicts, and maintain a favorable emotional atmosphere.
• Following the principles of proper education. You should not instill in children the idea of ​​their exclusivity and superiority or, conversely, artificially diminish their successes and merits.
• Maintaining adequate lighting. A banal lack of light often leads to the appearance of the first signs of neurosis and depression. It is worth giving up thick curtains and using bright lighting in the evening. Light helps produce serotonin, a neurotransmitter that has a positive effect on mood.
• Timely detection and treatment of pathologies. It is important to be regularly examined and urgently stop disorders of the endocrine, nervous, cardiovascular and other systems. Advanced pathologies significantly increase the risk of nervous disorder.