The number of sections in the spine of a frog
The spine is the basis of every human skeleton, which performs a huge number of different functions.
Knowing how many vertebrae a person has and where they are located, it is possible to determine the presence of a problem and understand what exactly is associated with certain painful sensations. The vertebrae are connected to each other by cartilage, joints, ligaments, or are even fused. With the help of special bends of the vertebrae, it is possible to maintain the required balance and significantly reduce the negative impact of sudden movements. All available areas of the human spine are distinguished by their special structure and consist directly of the vertebrae, which form the basis of the skeleton.
The concept of the spine
Many people are interested in the question of how many vertebrae are in the spine and which organs and systems depend on them. There are five regions in total, each of which, with the exception of the coccygeal region, is distinguished by certain bends and is responsible for the activities of various organs and areas of the human body. In particular, the following departments are distinguished:
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- cervical, consisting of 7 vertebrae;
- chest, consisting of 12;
- lumbar, consisting of 5;
- sacral, consisting of 3-5;
- coccygeal, consisting of 3-4.
Each individual section of the spine is fully responsible for certain organs, and various types of disorders can lead to serious problems in the human body and the development of many diseases. It is thanks to the presence of certain bends of the vertebrae that the entire spine has flexibility. All available areas of the spine in humans are intended to provide high-quality protection for the entire spinal cord.
The number of vertebrae in the human spinal column is unstable and may change over time, because some parts grow together into one whole. In total, a healthy person has approximately 32 to 34 vertebrae, and it is worth considering that an increase or decrease in their number is a sign of various diseases and various types of abnormalities. Such developmental anomalies are not at all fatal, but at the same time they can significantly complicate and hinder movements, causing quite strong painful sensations. The main and most common causes of various types of abnormalities are disorders of intrauterine development of the fetus and surgical intervention on the spine.
Anatomy and structure of the vertebrae
To understand the question of how many vertebrae are in the human spine, it is necessary to know exactly which sections exist and what their features are. There are only five regions of the human spine, each of which is responsible for certain organs and systems. The cervical region is the most mobile due to the fact that it has a certain anatomical structure. The unique structure of this area helps in performing head tilts, because the very first two vertebrae are particularly flexible. The first vertebra has absolutely no connection with the main column of the spine and looks like two arches connected by special seals. The second vertebra is presented in the form of a peculiar process.
The thoracic region of the spine is somewhat similar to the letter C, which is curved at the back.
This department is directly involved in the proper construction and development of the chest. The ribs are attached to the processes of the existing thoracic vertebrae with special joints, forming a solid chest. This area is distinguished by the fact that it is practically motionless, which is due to the presence of minimal space between the vertebral discs. Very often, with problems with this part, painful sensations are observed between the shoulder blades.
The lumbar region takes on the greatest amount of loads that fall directly on the spine. Therefore, this section is the most strengthened, with the largest vertebrae. The structure of the lumbar region of the spine is distinguished by fairly smooth small curves, which are somewhat similar to the structure of the cervical region. The sacral region is located right at the end of the spine and at the same time represents vertebrae fused into one bone. This area of the spine smoothly transitions into the coccygeal region.
The coccygeal region is characterized by the least mobility and is mainly considered as a preserved tail process, completely unnecessary for modern humans. The mobility of the spine as a whole is ensured by a huge number of joints that are located between all the vertebrae. Knowing the number of vertebrae in a person and their location, it is possible to get a complete picture of the occurrence of various types of diseases, because each individual area is fully responsible for the activity of certain internal organs.
The number of vertebrae affects all human organs and systems, which is why even a slight deviation from the norm can lead to the most serious problems in the body and the development of chronic diseases. It is worth paying close attention to the condition of the spine, because various types of injuries and damage can lead to serious consequences and disorders.
Each individual vertebra is made up of bone tissue, which is covered on the outside with somewhat compacted matter, consisting of:
- phosphorus;
- calcium;
- magnesium;
- manganese
It is thanks to these elements that good density and the correct, necessary shape of the spine are created. In the inner region of the spine there is bone marrow, which is responsible for the basic processes that constantly occur in the body.
The human spine is a fairly complex and durable formation, which consists directly of the bones themselves, as well as a special fluid, tendons and cartilage tissue. In order for the bones and cartilage tissue of the spine to be sufficiently healthy, it is necessary to regularly provide them with certain substances that contain useful components that have a positive effect on the condition of the skeletal system. All bones of the spine consist of porous tissue, which is covered with a durable material that gives the bones elasticity and the required shape. The inner soft area of the spine is almost completely filled with bone marrow, as well as a special substance that promotes the production of red blood cells.
Relationship with internal organs
Knowing the number of vertebrae, their location and effect on internal organs, it is possible to determine the main cause of a particular disease. It is from the spinal cord that certain nerve fibers emanate, which are responsible for normal activity and, in general, for the functioning of the entire body. Various types of spinal diseases are considered one of the main causes of problems with the digestive system, brain and cardiovascular system.
Nervous system
The nervous system and sensory organs of amphibians have remained virtually unchanged over the entire period of evolution. But the brain became a special feature: it grew and developed, now consisting of two hemispheres. And the cerebellum has become smaller, since amphibians do not need to maintain balance while swimming.
Animals have better developed vision : it is necessary for orientation in transparent air. Flat-shaped lenses allow them to see further than river inhabitants. The eyes are covered by eyelids and two membranes. One of them does not move, it covers the mucous membrane from above, and the lower one is dynamic.
Sound vibrations in oxygen do not travel as strongly as under water. Amphibians, in addition to the inner ear, have a middle ear, consisting of a tube with an eardrum. It looks like a thin film on the body and is located behind each eye. Air vibrations enter the middle ear through the auditory ossicle. Pressure changes are not felt as much due to its connection to the oral cavity.
Skeletal structure of a frog
According to the sharp differences in the structure of the limbs when adapting to hock movements and the loss of the tail, the frog skeleton bears the features of extreme specialization, i.e., secondary deviations from the typical structure of the vertebrate skeleton. This especially applies to the structure of the spinal column and the front and rear limbs.
The spine contains only 9 vertebrae and, unlike the spine of fish, has 4 sections: cervical, trunk, sacral and caudal. The trunk vertebrae have a concave surface in front and a convex surface in the back, i.e. they belong to the procoel type. All of them are equipped with upper arches that limit the spinal canal and end with the spinous processes. Large transverse processes extend from the sides of the vertebrae, and in front and behind, at the base of the upper arches, there are a pair of short articular processes that serve to connect with the corresponding processes of neighboring vertebrae. There are no ribs.
The cervical region, like all amphibians, contains only one vertebra, which differs from the trunk vertebrae in that it is devoid of transverse and anterior articular processes and bears on its anterior side two articular fossae, through which it is connected to the skull.
Frog skeleton
. I - complete skeleton; II - vertebra from above; III - vertebra in front:
1 - cervical vertebra, 2 - sacral vertebra, 3 - urostyle, 4 - sternum, 5 - cartilaginous posterior part of the sternum, 6 - presternum, 7 - coracoid, 8 - procoracoid, 9 - scapula, 10 - suprascapular cartilage, 11 - ilium , 12 - ischium, 13 - pubic cartilage, 14 - humerus, 15 - forearm (radius + ulna), 16 - wrist, 17 - metacarpus, 18 - rudimentary I finger, 19 - II finger, 20 - V finger, 21 - femur, 22 - tibia (tibia and fibula), 23 - tarsus, 24 - metatarsus, 25 - rudiment of an additional finger (praehellux), 26 - I finger, 27 - vertebral body, 28 - spinal canal, 29 - articular platform, 30 - spinous process, 31 - transverse process
The number of trunk vertebrae in a frog is usually seven.
The sacral section contains only one vertebra, which in general has the typical structure of the trunk vertebra and is characterized mainly by the fact that the pelvic bones are attached to its transverse processes.
The caudal section is represented by one long bone - the urostyle (urostyl), which, as the history of its development shows, is formed by many vertebrae fused with each other.
Animal Reproduction
Amphibians reach sexual maturity at three years after birth, and the offspring are fertilized externally. The eggs are born and develop in the ovaries, then they are released into the oviducts and become covered with colorless mucus. The eggs pass into the cloaca and then appear in the environment.
Adult males produce seminal fluid. Amphibians reproduce for several days. The male is placed on the female’s back, engages in fertilization, and pours its liquid over the eggs, which the female spawns for 2-3 days. Clusters of frog larvae are attached to aquatic plants or laid in the water, where they float until maturity.
In the liquid, the eggs swell greatly, heat up under the sun's rays and develop quickly. In 10 days the larvae turn into tadpoles. They have more characteristics of fish than amphibians. The external gills later turn into internal ones, and the hind and fore limbs grow. The tail dissolves and blood circles form. All reproduction takes several months - from the day of spawning to the transformation of the tadpole into a full-fledged amphibian.
How many vertebrae does a frog have?
Natalia Shuklina Valevich
Sage (12829) 6 years ago
The skeleton of amphibians, like other vertebrates, is divided into an axial skeleton (vertebral column). skull (cerebral and visceral). paired limbs and their belts. In almost all parts of the skeleton, cartilage still plays a fairly important role.
Axial skeleton. The axial skeleton in amphibians is represented by the vertebral column, consisting of ossified vertebrae; the notochord is usually reduced in adulthood. Compared to fish, the axial skeleton of amphibians consists of a larger number of sections.
Axial skeleton and pelvic girdle of a frog (top view). 1 - cervical vertebra, 2 - trunk vertebrae, 3 - sacral vertebra. 4 - urostyle (fused caudal vertebrae). 5 - pelvic girdle, 6 - acetabulum
1. The cervical region in all amphibians is represented by one cervical vertebra, which movably articulates with the skull using two articular platforms. 2. The trunk section of the spine of frogs consists of 7 vertebrae (in tailed amphibians - from 14 to 63). 3. The sacral region in all amphibians is represented by one sacral vertebra, to the massive transverse processes of which the iliac bones of the pelvic girdle are attached 4. The caudal region (pars caudalis) in the larvae of tailless amphibians consists of a fairly large number of individual vertebrae, which during metamorphosis merge into one caudal ossicle - the urostyle of tailed amphibians contains 26-36 individual vertebrae in the tail.
The trunk vertebra of a frog. A - general view; B - longitudinal section: 1 - vertebral body, 2 - superior arch, 3 - canal for the spinal cord, 4 - spinous process, 5 - transverse process, 6 - articular process
The trunk vertebrae of most frogs are of the procoelous type: the vertebral body is concave in front, convex in the back; however, the last trunk vertebra has an amphicoelous (biconcave) type of structure. Above the vertebral bodies are the upper arches, forming a canal for the spinal cord. On the dorsal side of the arch there is a small spinous process. Paired transverse processes extend from the superolateral surface of the vertebral body; In tailed amphibians, short ribs are attached to their ends; in tailless amphibians, there are no ribs. The vertebrae are connected to each other by the articulation of the vertebral bodies themselves (which is ensured by the procoelous type of their structure) and the connection of special paired articular processes located in front and behind at the base of the upper arch. Compared to fish, amphibians are characterized by greater differentiation of the vertebral column into sections, a change in the shape of the vertebral bodies, and a stronger development of the articular processes. These transformations are associated with a terrestrial lifestyle and provide greater strength to the axial skeleton while maintaining its mobility, a strong connection with it of the pelvic girdle and allow some mobility of the skull in the vertical plane relative to the body (the ability to raise and lower the head).
Amphibian diversity
Tailed animals are represented by amphibians with a long tail and short pairs of limbs. They have small eyes without lids, and some retain gills throughout their lives. Representatives of the legless are worms that live in tropical forests. They have no limbs and feed on rotting plants. The order of anurans got their name because of the peculiarity of their body: such amphibians have paws, but no tails. Examples of such amphibians are frogs and toads.
The list of amphibians includes several interesting species:
- newts;
- toads;
- frogs;
- salamanders;
- Ambystoma;
- sirens;
- fish snakes;
- caecilians.
Tailed newts can live in water and on land , they have developed regeneration, and they look quite cute. Frogs live in wetlands. They are small - up to 30 cm in length, covered with mucus and always cold. The body of toads is covered with poisonous glands, so they are considered dangerous animals. The fluid released can cause irritation and rashes on the skin. Amphibians live on land near bodies of water.
Salamanders have an interesting appearance. Their characteristics: a small elongated body covered with mucus, four limbs and a thin tail. They look like lizards, like Ambystoma. These are funny amphibians; Over the entire existence of the class, more than 33 species have appeared. Amphibians are often kept as pets; they can be trained and trained, and quickly get used to their owner.
Sirens have a long snake-like body with two forelimbs. They live in water and grow up to 70 cm in length.
Fish snakes are legless amphibians that live only on the shores and die if they fall into a body of water. Caecilians are similar to ordinary worms, but they are larger and well developed.
The small class of amphibians is represented by a variety of interesting animals. They still have a lot in common with fish, but they are developing and are still continuing to evolve. Some amphibians can be kept at home; they are unpretentious and affectionate.
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1 Connective tissue includes: a Muscle c Nervous b Blood d Glandular 2 Tubular bone is: a Humerus c Scapula b Clavicle d Patella 3 Spongy bone is: a Ulna c Vertebra b Radial d Phalange of the finger 4 Fixedly connected: a Tibia and tarsus c Femur and pelvic bones b Upper jaws d Phalanges 5 Movably connected: a Ribs and sternum c Thigh and lower leg b Facial bones d Bones of the base of the skull 6 Which part of the spine cannot consist of five vertebrae: a Cervical c Sacral b Lumbar d Coccygeal 7 In humans, the number of oscillating ribs is equal to: a 14 b 7 c 4 d 2 8 The unpaired bone is: a Maxillary c Parietal b Occipital d Temporal 9 The following bones belong to the medulla of the skull: a Zygomatic c Maxillary b Parietal d Palatine 10 The following bones contract involuntarily muscles: a Cross-striated c Mimic b Skeletal d Smooth 11 Red blood cells are involved in: a Blood transfer of nutrients and metabolic products b Blood transfer of O2 and CO2 c Blood coagulation d Phagocytosis 12 A vaccine is: a A preparation from weakened microbes c Blood plasma b A preparation containing antibodies in finished form d A preparation from tissue fluid 13 The middle layer of the heart wall consists of: a Epithelial tissue c Muscular tissue b Connective tissue d Nervous 14 Contraction of the atria of the heart continues: a 0.1 c b 0.2 c c 0.3 s d 0.4 s 15 Leaflet valves are closed during: a Atrial contractions c Pauses b Ventricular contractions d Total cardiac cycle 16 The muscle layer is best developed in the walls of: a Arteries c Veins b Capillaries d Lymphatic vessels 17 The systemic circulation includes: a Vena cava c Pulmonary arteries b Pulmonary veins d All of the listed vessels
Task 2: if you agree with the statements below, answer “YES,” but if you disagree, answer “NO.” 1 In connective tissue, the cells are tightly adjacent to each other, there is little intercellular substance. 2 The musculoskeletal system performs supporting, motor and hematopoietic functions. 3 With age, the proportion of organic matter in bones increases. 4 The frontal bone is the bone of the facial part of the skull. 5 The human spine has three curves: cervical, thoracic and lumbar. 6 Lymph is tissue fluid that has leaked into the lymphatic capillaries. 7 People with blood group IV are universal recipients. 8 Contractions of the heart muscle occur under the influence of impulses from the central nervous system. 9 Veins are vessels through which only venous blood always flows. 10 Veins bring blood to the capillaries. 11 Between the left ventricle and the aorta is the semilunar valve. 12 Arteries branch into smaller vessels - arterioles.
Digestive tract
The structure of the digestive system is similar to that of fish. But there are some differences. The anterior tip of the tongue is attached to the lower jaw, the posterior one remains free, which allows it to catch prey. There are also salivary glands, but the fluid does not contain digestive enzymes. Conical teeth allow you to tear food and hold it.
After the mouth and pharynx is the esophagus, which leads to the stomach. In it, food is partially digested. The first section is the duodenum, where a duct opens for fluid from the pancreas, liver and gall bladder. Digestion of food ends in the small intestine, from which nutrients enter the blood.
The remains are sent to the large intestine and then to the cloaca. It also includes elements of the reproductive and excretory systems. This is where processed foods leave the body. Adult amphibians feed on insects; tadpoles prefer plants and plankton.
The excretory system consists of the kidneys, ureters and bladder. From the first organ, fluid enters the canals, then flows along the walls of the cloaca into the bladder. It contracts and urine comes out. Water is necessary for the excretion of urea; the renal tubules absorb it to store it in the air.
What parts do the fore and hind limbs of a frog consist of?
Biology | 5 – 9 grades
What parts do the fore and hind limbs of a frog consist of?
Backball, holand, foot.
The frog has well-developed paired limbs - front and hind legs.
Each limb consists of three main sections.
The front leg is divided into: shoulder, forearm and hand.
The frog's hand ends with four fingers (its fifth finger is underdeveloped).
The sections of the limbs are movably articulated with each other using joints.
A sitting frog rests on slightly bent forelimbs, while the hind limbs are folded and located on the sides of the body.
Quickly straightening them, the frog makes a jump.
The front legs protect the animal from hitting the ground.
The frog swims by pulling and straightening its hind limbs, while pressing its front limbs to its body.
Respiratory system
Tadpoles are distinguished by the presence of only one blood circle and small gills. After the stage of development and transformation into an adult, lungs appear, similar to oblong bags, which have a cellular structure of thin walls. The respiratory surface is small, so air also enters through the skin.
To inhale and exhale, the floor of the mouth moves. The air first passes through the nostrils, then they close, and the flow enters the lungs. Exhalation is carried out through the nose, while the oral cavity rises. Additionally, the abdominal muscles contract.
There are different concentrations of gases in the blood and the environment, this determines their exchange in the lungs. But the organs are not well developed. If there were no holes in the skin, the amphibians would simply suffocate.
Oxygen first dissolves in mucus, then enters the blood. The nasal cavity of amphibians has become through, and under water they can only breathe through their pores.