Muscles of the human arms. Scheme-drawing, anatomy, structure, description, functions

Biceps brachii (biceps)

performs a key function in the process of flexion of the upper limb at the elbow joint, located on the front surface of the shoulder between the shoulder and elbow joints. The muscle has 2 proximal tendons (long head and short head), which attach to the scapula, and a distal biceps tendon, which attaches to the radius. The most common injury is a rupture of the long head of the biceps tendon; other injuries are much less common. The main risk group includes men over 40 years of age who engage in amateur sports.

Main causes of injury

The following factors can lead to biceps injury:

• Excessive force on the shoulder during sports, lifting and carrying heavy objects
• Age-related changes (in people over 40 years old, tendons lose their strength)
• Chronic inflammation in this area (rheumatoid arthritis, impingement, elbow bursitis, etc.) leads to wear and tear of the tendons, and as a result, the risk of injury increases even after minor injuries
• Taking certain medications (such as statins)
• Microtraumas

Deltoid

The deltoid muscle has the shape of a triangle with the apex facing down. The muscle consists of three bundles, each of which is responsible for moving the arm in different directions. Accordingly, there are three parts of the deltoid muscle: clavicular, acromial and scapular. Beginning with the broad tendon located above the shoulder joint, the three bundles of the deltoid muscle converge into one tendon, which attaches to the humerus. Good development of the deltoid muscle affects the width of the shoulders, despite the fact that their bony base can be quite fragile. All three parts of the deltoid muscle can contract independently of each other

The anterior bundle of the deltoid muscle is attached to the collarbone and raises the arm forward (flexion of the arm at the shoulder joint), the lateral bundle (lateral) is attached to the acromion of the scapula and raises the arm to the side (abduction of the arm). The posterior bundle of the deltoid muscle is attached to the scapula and moves the arm back (extension of the arm at the shoulder joint).

Shapes of hands and fingers

In addition to the fact that hand shape differs between men and women in particular, it differs among all people in general. The features are clearly visible on the hands and fingers.

The brush shape could be something like this:

• short palm with short fingers;
• short palm with long fingers;
• long palm with short fingers;
• long palm with long fingers.

The width of the palm is also added to this - the hand may end up looking long and narrow, that is, more elegant, or it may turn out to be short and wide, like a “paw”. Fingers may also have their own characteristics.

For example, they can be depicted:

• ordinary, proportional to the entire hand;
• thinner or, conversely, thicker;
• with narrowed fingertips, that is, give them a cone-shaped shape;
• with “square” fingertips;
• spatulate in shape, that is, narrower only in the central part;
• nodular, with strongly protruding joints of the phalanges.

A set of such features will easily help to depict male, female, children's or old hands. Some of them can be used to hint at the character’s profession - a musician, worker, seamstress or jewelry maker.

The best exercises for the brachioradialis muscle

Wide grip pull-ups

It is with a wide overhand grip, and not a reverse one. In this position, the forearm is in pronation when the brachioradialis muscle is activated. Pull yourself up in several ways: with your chin to the bar or with the back of your head. The exercise can be performed with weight belts to increase the load, but do not use wrist straps as this may reduce the grip strength needed to develop the forearms.

At the bottom of the movement, do not straighten your elbows completely to avoid injury to the biceps brachii tendons.

Pull-down of the upper block behind the head

Similar to pull-ups, the exercise develops the back muscles, where the biceps and brachioradialis muscles act as synergists. The forearm is in a pronated position.

1. Hold the handle of the overhead pulley with a wide overhand grip.
2. When lowering the block behind your head, do not touch the cervical vertebrae, bring your shoulder blades together. Lower your elbows down in a vertical line.
3. When lifting the block, do not throw the weight, but slowly relax the muscles.

Overhand grip barbell curl

A reverse grip with pronated forearms is a better option for brachioradialis than a conventional grip (with supination).

It is important to lift the barbell without swinging, but clearly concentrating on the work of your forearms.

1. Bring the bar as close to your shoulders as possible;
2. slowly lower down without straightening your elbows completely.

Reverse grip crossover curl

One of the options that can replace the barbell in the gym.

1. Grab the handles of the lower block with both hands from above with a medium grip, and move back a little.
2. Press your elbows toward your body and lift the handle toward your shoulders.
3. Slowly lower your hands to your hips.

Pronated Dumbbell Curl

Similar to the previous option, the forearms rotate to form an overhand grip (the back of the hand facing out). The position of the hands with dumbbells repeats the movement with the barbell, while the hand maintains a constant position (without supination) both at the bottom point of the movement and at the top. It is important not to help with your body , but to lift, concentrating on the work of your forearms.

Alternating arm curls with hammer grip

The exercise is performed with dumbbells, in comparison with a pronated grip, here the hands form a parallel grip, half supinating the forearm. When doing the hammer, lift the dumbbells to your shoulders, and in the negative phase, slowly lower your arms to your sides.

Curl with EZ bar on Scott bench

The exercise is performed with a medium overhand grip, that is, also in a pronated position.

1. Sit on a bench, grab a curved bar from above, shoulder-width apart.
2. Rest your elbows on a special pillow.
3. Exhale and raise the bar to your shoulders.
4. As you exhale, lower down without straightening your elbows completely.

Read more about exercises on the Scott bench →

Alternating Curl with Dumbbells

The exercise can be performed standing or sitting. In this variant, the hand performs supination (turn) in the middle of the amplitude and loads the biceps more, although the brachioradialis muscle also works. Do not allow your body to swing , alternately lift your arms to your shoulders, slowly lowering the dumbbells to your hips.

Symptoms and diagnosis

Imbalance of the shoulder muscles usually manifests itself with symptoms such as pain, burning in the shoulder area, fatigue, and decreased range of motion in the shoulder. The presence of such symptoms allows the doctor to suspect the presence of an imbalance in the shoulder muscles. To exclude organic changes in the shoulder, instrumental examination methods, such as MRI, are prescribed, especially if there is a suspicion of damage to the rotator cuff. If there are sensory disturbances, EMG and ENMG may be prescribed to identify possible disturbances in conduction along nerve fibers.

Rotator cuff

The rotator cuff is a group of four muscles that form a protective sleeve around the shoulder joint. Although these muscles are hardly visible, they are extremely important for shoulder stability and strength. All four muscles start from the shoulder blade and pass around the shoulder joint, attaching to the humerus.

The supraspinatus muscle is mostly covered by the trapezius muscle, but since the latter is quite thin in this part, it cannot completely hide the outline of the supraspinatus muscle. The supraspinatus muscle is located in the supraspinatus fossa of the scapula and is attached to the greater tubercle of the humerus and is responsible for abducting the upper limb and rotating it outward.

The infraspinatus muscle originates from the back of the scapula and attaches to the humerus. The teres minor muscle is a synergist of the subscapularis muscle and the scapular part of the deltoid muscle. The infraspinatus and teres minor muscles are located behind the joint. They raise the arm to the side and move it back, rotating the shoulder outward (supination).

The subscapularis muscle is extensive, thick, triangular in shape. Occupies almost the entire costal surface of the scapula. Placed in front of the joint and rotates the arm inward (pronation), while simultaneously bringing the shoulder toward the body.

How to draw hands?

In order to learn how to draw hands, you need not only to study their basic anatomical features, but also to select good references (that is, source images that you can rely on when drawing your sketch). It’s better to take photographs rather than other people’s drawings, and take several different angles at once.

First practice for drawing a hand:

1. You need to learn how to draw a hand through simple shapes. We divide it into three main parts - wrist, metacarpus and fingers.
2. The wrist is drawn as an oval at the base of the hand.
3. The metacarpus is attached to the wrist and is drawn as a three-dimensional trapezoid. The trapezoid will be slightly narrower at the bottom than at the top.
4. The fingers (4 of them, except the thumb) should be combined into a single shape - a pentagon with an elevation at the top, the lower part will also be narrower than the upper.
5. The thumb will consist of a pad on the bottom attached to the metacarpus and a cylinder on top.
6. The general schematic appearance of the palm should resemble a mitten.

As a training, you need to learn how to parse references with different brush angles for these basic shapes. In this way you can learn to feel the volume, shape of the hand, its basic positions.

Next, we begin to refine the shape of the brush:

1. In addition to the oval of the wrist, 2 bones are added. The first one is more noticeable - on the side of the little finger, on the back of the hand. 2nd – from the side of the thumb, less noticeable, located on the side.
2. It is important not to forget about the folds that appear when the brush moves. When the hand is bent, the folds will be on the inside of the wrist; when bent, the folds will be on the outside.
3. Since the metacarpus consists of bones and tendons, and there are few muscles in this place, relief will be visible here. In sketches and schematic drawings, the tendons on the back of the hand are often indicated as lines leading to the fingers. On the inside of the palm are the so-called lines of life, mind, heart.
4. A simple shape for depicting tendons on joints is diamond-shaped.
5. 3 main “mass” are drawn on the palm - the pad of the thumb, the pad under the little finger, the pad of the index finger. There are also pads under the other fingers, but they are less noticeable when the hand is in a relaxed position.
6. The pads of the thumb and index fingers will be clearly visible on the inside of the hand, and the “mass” under the little finger is the protruding part of the palm from the side. The protruding tubercle on the other side is the same pad of the thumb.
7. To begin with, the joints on the fingers are designated as points in the right places. It is important to take into account that they are all located along a line of arcs, and not along even parallels.
8. The joints of each individual finger are parallel to each other.
9. All brush lines tend to a circle. This rule applies to any angle.
10. The space between the fingers from the back looks like folds with depressions, from the inside - like arcuate lines.

The anatomy of the hands for drawing a brush ends here for now. After drawing the shape, checking the correct proportions and range of motion, you can begin to detail the drawing.

Here you need to pay attention to the following nuances:

• Nails should look natural, have a cuticle, and a semicircular shape. The place where the nail is attached to the finger is also indicated by shadows.
• In any case, there are small “wrinkles” on the knuckles - they become deeper if you straighten your hand, and straighten out if you squeeze your fingers. But they will be visible in any case.
• In addition to the visible joints on the back of the hand, veins can often be seen in this area. By drawing highlights and shadows, they can be made more or less pronounced.
• Depending on the position of the brush being drawn and the light source in the image, their shadow will fall on the palm and fingers.
• It is important to take into account the tendency of the brush to a spherical shape when drawing light and shadow. On the protruding parts, especially the knuckles, there will be the lightest spots, in the folds and in the space between the fingers there will be deep shadows.

You should also remember that it is important not to overdo it with drawing the structure of the skin and folds. The more such elements in the drawing of the hands, the more “old” the hand will turn out to be. The presence of skin features (for example, scars, warts, tattoos) also needs to be “adjusted” to the anatomy of the person’s hand. Jewelry like rings and bracelets are easiest to draw in the last stages to better understand exactly how they will be placed on the hand.

Benefits of Arthroscopy

Benefits of Arthroscopy

• less blood loss;
• smaller incisions and better aesthetic effect;
• patient recovery takes less time;
• less postoperative pain;
• the duration of the operation is reduced;
• its labor intensity has been reduced.

As a rule, pain caused by compression of the supraspinatus tendon goes away immediately after decompression.

When to see a doctor

The muscles of the arms, the diagram of which indicates the increased complexity of the structure of the motor system of the upper extremities, in the absence of serious problems and damage, can recover on their own within a short time. In this case, no special treatment is required.

It is enough to remove the stress on your hands, provide rest to the whole body and consume a sufficient amount of vitamins and minerals, which will ensure rapid tissue restoration.

However, there are cases when it is necessary to immediately consult a doctor to receive qualified help.

Such cases include the appearance in the hands of:

• severe muscle pain;
• complete or partial limitation in movements;
• bruises, redness and swelling of the skin;
• periodic seizures;
• severe weakness and constant minor pain for a long time, as well as pain when performing simple movements;
• swelling and hardening in the muscles.

If you have 1 of the symptoms, you must urgently contact an orthopedist or surgeon for examination and, if necessary, additional examination. In emergency cases, if the arm muscles are injured, the traumatologist may prescribe initial treatment.

Treatment methods

Arm muscles are treated depending on the type of cause and the degree of damage to the muscle tissue.

A cramp in the arm muscles is characterized by a sharp compression of individual muscle groups, which is accompanied by hardening of the transverse tissues, a local decrease in blood circulation and severe pain.

Treatment of seizures consists of medicinal treatment of the underlying disease (the cause of the seizures), which may be associated with disturbances in the functioning of the cardiovascular system, nervous disorders and poor diet, and a number of relaxing procedures.

Cramps are best treated with warm baths with herbal decoctions of chamomile, lavender, and string.

• 4 tbsp. l. Leaves and flowers of chamomile, lavender or string are brewed with 500 ml of boiling water and left for half an hour.
• The mixture is filtered and added to the bath.
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It is recommended to take a warm bath before bed for 30-40 minutes. After the bath, the skin must be rinsed with clean water.

Professional hand massage quickly reduces the number of cramps.

When performing a massage, the main muscles of the hand relax and warm up, their blood supply increases and internal processes are activated, which reduce the likelihood of convulsive manifestations.

At the same time, the patient is prescribed proper nutrition and a rest regime during the day, and a course of vitamins is prescribed.

Complivit effectively increases the level of vitamins in the body.

Complivit

The drug contains the basic vitamins and minerals necessary for daily intake in 1 tablet. Within 5-7 days after starting treatment, general health improves and the balance of microelements is restored. The drug is taken 1 tablet per day for 30-60 days. The cost of packaging is 150 rubles.

Alphabet is able to quickly saturate the body with all the necessary nutrients.

The drug is produced separately for children, women and men and contains different concentrations of vitamins, microelements and acids necessary for each group of patients. The substances in the alphabet are grouped into 3 groups for better absorption in the body. Thanks to proper separation, all beneficial substances are absorbed within 40 minutes. after reception.

7-10 days after starting treatment, general well-being improves, pain decreases, and active restoration of muscle tissue is observed. The cost of the medicine varies within 350 rubles. The course of treatment is 20-30 days, depending on the patient’s health condition.

The cause of rheumatism in the muscles is often complex immunobiological reactions and neuro-dystrophic processes provoked by infection, hypothermia or allergies.

Severe pain syndromes with migrating pain in the joints lead to difficulty in movement and swelling. To restore the muscle and blood vessels in it, a course of tablets and ointments is prescribed to relieve inflammation and restore tissue.

Ibuprofen has established itself as a simple and effective remedy for muscle pain, which can relieve inflammation, pain and actively promotes the restoration of muscle tissue.

Adults take the medicine 1 tablet 3 times a day for 10-14 days. The cost of the drug is 100 rubles.

Ibuprofen gel actively relieves local inflammation when applied to the skin.

The components of the gel include substances that promote rapid healing. The gel is applied 3 times a day to the damaged area for 7-10 days. The cost of the medicine is 90 rubles.

Diclofenac helps relieve pain and inflammation in the muscles and tissues of the hand for 1-2 weeks.

The medicine perfectly relieves swelling and inflammation and promotes rapid tissue healing. The drug is taken 1 tablet 1-2 times a day for 10 days. The price of the drug is 150 rubles.

Diclofenac ointment has a concentrated composition and helps relieve swelling and inflammation in the arm muscles.

The drug is applied to the sore spot and tied with an elastic bandage for 2 hours. It is recommended to carry out the procedure during the day to prevent pinching of blood vessels. The course of treatment with the drug is no more than 5-7 days. The cost of the medicine is 300 rubles.

Muscle tears require surgery. After the operation, the patient is given complete rest and a course of multivitamins for quick recovery. After 30 days, the patient undergoes a course of physiotherapy in the form of therapeutic exercises and massages, which help normalize the functioning of muscle tissue.

During the treatment period, the patient is prescribed analgesic medications to relieve pain.

Nise has active antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.

The drug is well absorbed within 20 minutes. is activated in the body. The effect of the medicine lasts for 8-10 hours. Nise is taken as needed, but not more than 1 tablet 3-4 times a day. The course of treatment can be 10 days. The cost of the medicine is 200 rubles.

Ketarol is actively used for pain relief after operations on muscles and joints.

The drug is administered for 20-30 minutes. relieves pain and promotes tissue restoration and healing. Ketarol is taken 1 tablet 3 times a day for 3-5 days and then as needed. The cost of packaging is 150 rubles.

Muscular dystrophy is reduced thanks to a prescribed special diet with a large amount of microelements and therapeutic exercises. Systematic performance of special exercises strengthens the arm muscles and promotes their recovery.

Myositis of various origins, depending on the cause of the disease, is treated in the same way as rheumatism with a course of drugs that help relieve inflammation. In addition, if there is a hormonal imbalance, patients are prescribed hormonal therapy and physical therapy for 10 days.

To quickly restore the function of your arm muscles, it is important to follow a special diet. Simultaneously with the medication course of treatment, patients are advised to consume foods with large amounts of calcium and potassium.

The diet includes foods containing glycogen and glucose, which are the basis for the structure of muscle tissue. Supplementing the diet with vitamins with a high content of microelements helps restore the mobility of the arm muscles in a short time.

Various proportions of the human arm, hand and fingers

The anatomy of the hands is very important for drawing a person, but there are other primary nuances. Maintaining proportions when drawing the body is the basis of everything. If you initially build a sketch according to the rules, there should be no problems with checking individual limbs.

To make sure that the hands in the drawing are proportional, you need to pay attention to:

• The forearm should be shorter than the shoulder part;
• The forearm together with the hand is longer than the shoulder;
• The length of the forearm is approximately equal to the height of the human head;
• The distance from the elbow to the tips of the phalanges is equal to the distance from the knee to the heel of the foot;
• In a straight position, the point where the elbow is located is in line with the navel point.

The proportions of the hands are a little more difficult to maintain and check. The number of bones and the special arrangement of the muscles play a role here.

Basic proportions of the hand and fingers:

• The length of the hand is approximately equal to the length of the face (namely the face, not the entire head).
• The middle of the hand can be taken as the point located on the knuckle of the middle finger. The beginning of the hand is just above the end of the ulna (protruding tubercle on the side). The distance from the beginning of the hand to the knuckle and from the knuckle to the fingertips is equal.
• The fold between the middle and proximal phalanges is the middle of the fingers (if you take the knuckles as the beginning).
• The tip of the thumb will be in line with a point located 2/3 of the proximal phalanx of the index finger.
• The index and ring fingers are approximately equal in length.
• The tip of the little finger is located approximately at the level of the bend of the nail and middle knuckles of the index and ring fingers.
• The length of the nails (clipped) is approximately equal to the length of the nail knuckles.
• The knuckle of the thumb is measured like this - it is on a line exactly in the middle from the tubercle of the end of the ulna to the knuckle of the middle finger.
• In most cases, people do not have perfectly straight fingers. They bend slightly towards the center.
• The joints on the phalanges of the fingers, covered with skin, form folds. On the back and inner sides of the hand, these folds are at different levels.

It is important to remember that the hand is not a perfectly straight and regular part of the body. To simplify the construction, you can use a circle, since a “spread” palm will tend to exactly this shape.