Abductors | Diagnosis and treatment of the spine

Muscular structure of the pelvis and their function

Human anatomy is complex, therefore, for convenience and a better understanding of all areas, the entire body of the body was divided layer by layer, that is, each tissue is considered separately.

The muscular elements of the pelvic area are divided into external and internal blocks, each of the muscle fibers has its own functions.

The external block is divided into three layers, one after the other.

Indoor unit

The internal pelvic muscles primarily serve as a kind of wall for the abdominal cavity, their second function is to carry out upright walking and control the femoral region of the limb.

The internal block consists of the following muscles:

1. Greater lumbar. It originates on the outer sides of the vertebrae, starting from the thoracic region, and serves as a kind of fastener for the lumbar region and pelvis.
2. Ileum. It connects to the lumbar major in the area of ​​the iliac fossa and is further called the iliopsoas.
3. Iliopsoas. A wide element attached to the femoral trochanter. Helps bring the leg towards the stomach.
4. Internal obturator. From the obturator foramen it passes through the pelvic area, in the middle it abruptly changes its orientation and strives for the greater trochanter.
5. Bliznetsovs. The twin muscles help in abduction of the femoral area.
6. Pear-shaped. Divides the greater sciatic foramen into 2 parts vertically, next to the femoral neck it enters the tendon structure to the greater trochanter. It moves the limb in the upper zone outward, but the abduction is extremely small.

In addition to these muscle elements, another one is distinguished - the small lumbar, but in 39% of people it is absent and does not have any significant function.

External unit

The external block of the muscular structure of the pelvis is located on the outside of the pelvic region. The entire block is involved in the motor activity of the hip joints.

The outer block is formed by three layers:

• superficial;
• average;
• deep.

The superficial one contains the gluteus maximus, which performs powerful straightening of the limb, for example, during physically heavy loads for a person, and the tensor fascia lata.

Nuance! The tensor fascia lata is able to direct the thigh towards the abdomen and helps in controlling the knee joint.

The middle layer contains parts of the internal pelvic muscle structures:

• pear-shaped;
• internal obturator;
• twins.

This also includes the gluteus medius muscle, which, together with the small gluteus, helps keep a person in an upright position. Another muscle, the quadratus femoris, helps rotate the limb outward.

Kneeling options[edit | edit code]

By performing the exercise in a kneeling position, you increase the load and range of motion.

• As you bend your leg, the exercise becomes easier. When you straighten your leg, it becomes heavier. When performing the exercise in a kneeling position, you should bend your leg at an angle of 90 degrees so that it can be brought under your body and thereby increase the range of motion. The leg straightens immediately after you move it out from under the body. At this moment the knee joint is involved.
• Using an elastic band, calf weights, or cable machine, you can increase the load on your gluteal muscles.
• To increase the load, get on all fours and simultaneously lift your opposite arm and leg (for example, your right leg and left arm).
• Instead of standing on the floor, you can place your support knee on a bench to increase the range of motion and therefore the difficulty of the exercise.

• Variation on the knee with straight leg
• Knee version with bent leg and elastic band
• Variation on the knee with raised opposite legs and arms
• Option on a knee on a bench; the leg at the knee straightens towards the end of the movement

Muscular structure of the thigh

The anatomy of the hip provides the muscular structure as a powerful element, since they also perform upright posture. The muscle tissues of this area are long, some reach the area of ​​the feet, which means they somehow affect the function of the entire limb.

The layered structure of the human thigh is represented by the following classes:

• front;
• rear;
• medial.

Moreover, the division is not arbitrary - the anterior and posterior classes, or groups, are separated vertically by an intermuscular septum.

Front

This class of muscle elements includes those called extensors, that is, they perform the function of extension. The anterior thigh muscle group includes 2 elements - the quadriceps and the portius muscles.

The quadriceps is a large element that fills the anterolateral region of the femoral area of ​​the limb, connects four grouped muscle branches (heads):

• straight;
• lateral;
• medial;
• vastus intermedius.

Action: ankle extensor.

The tailbone, starting in the lumbar area, is combined with the tibia. Allows you to bend the knee, and already in this position allows you to rotate the ankle inward.

Posterior muscles

The hamstring muscles are part of the class that help in flexing the limb. The flexor block consists of the following muscles:

1. Semitendinosus muscle. From the ischium it is combined with the posterior fascia.
2. Semi-membranous. Under the semitendinosus, at the condyle of the femur, it connects with the semimembranosus tendon.
3. Double-headed. It is located on the outer side of the femur, has 2 heads - one at the ischial tuberosity, the other at the lateral lip, tending to the fibula.
4. Popliteal. It is formed in the middle of the femur, connects to the knee joint and comes to the posterior surface of the ankle.

4 muscles, since they run along the hip and knee joints, help straighten in one zone and bend in another.

The semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles are located on the outer side of the thigh, the biceps and popliteus are somewhat removed inward.

For reference! The semitendinosus muscle is connected almost from the place of formation to the end with the tendon fiber, hence the name.

Domestic

The inner thigh muscles, or medialis, make up the adductor unit - allowing the hip region to move inward from a resting position and from an abducted position.

The internal class consists of the following muscle elements:

1. Comb. It arises from the pubic branch and attaches diagonally to the femur.
2. Long adductor. It starts from the anterior region of the pubic ramus and connects to the femur just below the pectineus.
3. Short adductor. It lies under the pectineus and adductor.
4. Greater adductor. Distributes from the symphysis pubis to the condyle of the femur.
5. Thin. It originates at the pubic joint and ends at the fascia of the ankle.

Lying options[edit | edit code]

By performing exercises while lying on the floor, you increase the load on your muscles and decrease your range of motion.

• Lie on your stomach and support your body weight on your forearms. Bend your back slightly at the lower back.

• You can also do the Superman variation. Starting position: Lying on your stomach, straighten your arms and legs, then lift them at the same time. This variation also works the lower back muscles and the muscles at the back of the shoulders.

Lying hip extension and Superman

Hip muscle problems

Hip pain is not uncommon for most people. Everyone has at least once experienced a pulling or, conversely, sharp pain sensation inside the upper part of the leg.

Possible muscle problems include the following:

1. Krepatura. Occurs during severe physical stress, for example, during prolonged squatting. The symptoms are not bright, the pain is aching.
2. Prolonged immobility. Due to the fact that the venous outflow is disturbed in the ankle, most often the femoral area seems to be bursting, the person feels some tingling throughout the entire area of ​​​​the limb.
3. Myositis. Inflammation of the muscle branches is signaled by constant dull pain and its aggravation with movement. Inflammation is possible both due to physical impact and due to viral infection.
4. Pinching of muscle fibers due to degenerative problems, for example, osteochondrosis or arthrosis of the hip joint. More often, pinching of the posterior group of the muscle structure occurs.

Structural changes in capillaries and veins can lead to muscle spasm, which also causes suffering for a person.

Piriformis syndrome

When the sciatic nerve is pinched or inflamed, the piriformis muscle always suffers. In this case, a person experiences pain more often in the gluteal or posterior femoral region.

Other symptoms related to piriformis syndrome include:

• numbness of the ankle;
• tingling in the anterior thigh area;
• change in gait.

With prolonged absence of treatment, shortening of the limb in the femoral region and atrophy of muscle fibers occurs.

Iliopsoas syndrome

The syndrome includes several striking symptoms and often speaks of pinching in the lumbar region.

Pain begins in the lower abdomen, moving to the groin area and spreading to the thigh area. At the same time, the lower back also suffers - you can notice a certain protrusion of this area, while movements are sharply limited.

For reference! Such pain, if it is more localized on the right side, is often confused with an exacerbation of appendicitis.

The anatomy of the hip and the structure of the muscles are what will help to understand the causes of sprains and other injuries to the limb. Information on this topic will also be useful for providing first aid for injuries. And athletes will be able to use it to improve their training system to achieve new heights. Maintaining the tone of the muscular structure of the thighs completely eliminates problems with the genitourinary system.

Read also[edit | edit code]

• Training program for beginners
• Training program for professionals
• Exercises for the buttocks and legs (for women)
• Sports nutrition
• How to create a training program
• The best training programs for mass

• Leg muscle training
• How to pump up leg muscles
• Pumping the gluteal muscles
• How to pump up your calf muscles
• How to pump up a girl's legs
• Female legs and quadriceps
• Zhanna Rotar: exercises for legs

Participation in sports[edit | edit code]

As an adductor of the thigh, the gracilis muscle performs dynamic work in sports such as water polo, speed skating, as well as all team sports, and static work in luge, triple jumps and fencing. This muscle is involved in performing dynamic and static work in all running disciplines and walking, equestrianism, alpine skiing and artistic gymnastics. The gracilis muscle causes internal rotation of the tibia when the knee is bent and plays an important role in alpine skiing.

Channels in muscle tissue

In the muscles of the zone under consideration, between the layers of the fascia lata - superficial and deep - there is a femoral canal. There are two holes in it:

1. The upper one passes through the broad medial muscle and the long adductor muscle, its lower end connects to the lower adductor foramen.
2. The lower (deep) is directed inside the inguinal ligament, separated by it in front, by the femoral vein on the outside and by the ridge vein in the back.

Sensitive nerve fibers and large blood vessels (femoral vein, artery of the same name and saphenous nerve) pass through them.