29.06.2021
Computed tomography (CT) of the ribs and chest organs is a method of visually examining the area of the sternum, its joints, ribs, soft tissues and internal organs using x-rays.
Unlike conventional X-rays, computed tomography allows one to identify pathologies and more accurately name the causes of the disease. Computed tomography is an alternative to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) if the latter cannot be performed due to contraindications. As with MRI, a contrast agent may be used to improve visibility of the image. The advantage of computed tomography is the ability to simultaneously show images of bones, soft tissues, organs and the network of blood vessels.
What will a chest CT scan show?
There are three areas in the chest:
- central - vessels, lymph nodes, cardiac membrane;
- anterior – thymus, connective tissues, arteries, lymphoid tissue;
- posterior – trachea, esophagus, thoracic aorta (its descending part), lymph nodes, paravertebral space.
The chest area with all its contents is quite vulnerable to various pathologies and anomalies. Some cases require serious and long-term treatment. For example, a prolonged cough or hemoptysis indicates the need to be examined for lung damage; limited shoulder mobility or stiffness requires examination of the patency of blood vessels and the exclusion of degenerative changes in the bone.
Computed tomography can detect:
- degenerative-dystrophic pathologies of joints, bones and cartilage tissue. In particular, this applies to osteoarthritis, subchondral sclerosis, cysts, changes in the shape of joint spaces, gout and a number of other diseases characteristic of the thoracic region;
- inflammatory processes both in the joints and in adjacent tissues and organs. First of all, we are talking about early diagnosis of septic arthritis, which has a high risk of complications. The image clearly shows the formed abscesses and fistula tracts, which helps make a decision on surgical intervention for effective treatment;
- traumatic and acute conditions arising as a result of severe injuries. In this case, CT provides a detailed picture of the combination of injuries and their complications. Spontaneous fractures can occur due to the presence of neoplasms, the development of metastases, or osteoporosis. Computed tomography allows you to identify congenital vascular anomalies, acquired diseases, causes of ischemia and dysfunction of the heart valves;
- complications after surgery. Complex operations require regular follow-up afterward. For example, surgical interventions on the heart and blood vessels can cause adverse consequences. Such conditions are easily tracked in the image and allow you to quickly respond to them due to the speed of obtaining ready-made diagnostic results;
- neoplasms and the appearance of metastases. Malignant tumors of the thyroid gland, breast, lungs, kidneys and lymphoma often become a source of metastases. In such cases, a CT scan with a contrast agent is prescribed; this allows us to capture the initial stages of changes, when the chance of beating the disease is still quite high.
Patients are often faced with a choice of which examination to give preference to: MRI or CT. In fact, one complements the other, but do not forget about the presence of contraindications. Specialists at Clinic No. 1 can provide detailed advice on choosing an examination based on the recommendations of the attending physician.
Biology test "Human skeleton" (8th grade)
1 option
1.
The flat bones of the skeleton include:
A. Bones of the forearm B. Bones of the pelvis C. Phalanges of the fingers
2.
The skull bones of a newborn baby are connected:
A. Movable B. Fixed C. Semi-movable
3.
The main inorganic compounds of bones are salts:
A. Iron B. Potassium C. Calcium D. Sodium
4.
The facial part of the skull is formed by the bones:
A. Zygomatic, radial, fibula and bones forming the hand B. Paired: temporal, parietal, unpaired: occipital, frontal, sphenoid and ethmoid C. Paired: temporal, parietal, unpaired hyoid, zygomatic D. Paired: maxillary, palatine, zygomatic and unpaired: mandibular and ethmoid
5.
The body of the tubular bone is filled inside with:
A. Red bone marrow B. Yellow bone marrow C. Intercellular fluid D. Lymph
6.
The growth of tubular bones in length is carried out due to the division of cells that form:
A. Heads of bones B. Body of bones C. Inner layer of periosteum D. Cartilage tissue located between the head and body of the bone
7.
Number of pairs of ribs attached directly to the chest:
A. 8 B. 10 C. 11 D. 12
8.
The forearm consists of bones:
A. Shoulder and ulna B. Ulna and radius C. Radius and carpal bones D. Carpal bones and ulna
9.
In the thoracic spine the number of vertebrae is equal to:
A. 7 B. 10 C. 12 D. 14 D. 16
10.
Examples of long bones:
A. Humerus and phalanges B. Phalanges and sternum C. Sternum and rib D. Rib and femur D. Femur and humerus
11.
The elbow joint is formed by the bones:
A. Shoulder and ulna B. Radial and ulna C. Radial and brachial D. Shoulder, radial and ulna
12.
The girdle of the lower extremities is formed by two pelvic bones. Each of them is the result of fusion:
A. Two bones B. Three bones C. Four bones D. Five bones
13.
The sacral spine (sacrum) is a support for the pelvic bones with which it is connected:
A. Stationary B. Semi-mobile C. Joint
14.
Which bone of the skull is connected to the others movably?
A. Parietal B. Frontal C. Mandibular D. Maxillary
15.
In the process of evolution, man, unlike mammals, changed the position of his body in space. In this regard, the human pelvis...
A. Became wider B. Has not changed C. Became narrower D. For some it became narrower, for others it became wider
1.
How are the bones of the brain part of the skull connected?
A. Semi-movable B. Mobile C. Fixed D. Half-joint
2.
What substances give bones strength?
A. Iron salts B. Organic substances C. Calcium and sodium salts D. Potassium and magnesium salts
3.
The bones of the lower leg belong to the bones:
A. Tubular B. Flat C. Mixed D. Spongy
4.
The structural unit of bone is:
A. Dense substance B. Spongy substance C. Osteon D. Myofibril
5.
The skeleton of the free upper limb consists of:
A. Humerus, radius, fibula and bones forming the hand B. Femur, ulna, radius and bones forming the hand C. Humerus, ulna, radius, as well as bones of the wrist, metacarpus and phalanges of the fingers
6.
The body of the spongy bone is filled inside:
A. Red bone marrow B. Yellow bone marrow C. Intercellular fluid D. Lymph
7.
The main organic matter of bone is:
A. Ossein B. Insulin C. Keratin D. Myosin
8.
The growth of tubular bones in thickness is carried out due to cell division:
A. Inner layer of periosteum B. Cartilaginous tissue located between the head and body of the bone C. Body of the bone
9.
Number of pairs of ribs directly articulated with the pectoral:
A. 3 B. 5 C. 7 D. 10 E. 12
10.
The shoulder joint is formed by the bones:
A. Shoulder and clavicle B. Clavicle and scapula C. Scapula and humerus D. Shoulder. collarbone and scapula
11.
In the cervical spine the number of vertebrae is equal to:
A. 6 B. 7 C. 8 D. 9 E. 10
12.
Bones in which red bone marrow is replaced with yellow as a person ages:
A. Rib and sternum B. Sternum and tibia C. Tibia and femur D. Femur and scapula E. Scapula and humerus
13.
A bone that does not have an articular connection with other bones of the skeleton:
A. Pelvic B. Elbow C. Brachial D. Sublingual D. Mandibular
14.
The bones involved in the formation of the hip joint are:
A. Femoral and ulnar B. Femoral and sciatic C. Femoral and iliac D. Femoral, iliac and sciatic D. Femoral, iliac, sciatic and pubic
15.
Flat bones include:
A. Ribs, scapulae B. Radius and ulna C. Tibia and fibula D. Clavicles
Answer to the biology test “Human Skeleton”
Option 1 1-B 2-C 3-C 4-D 5-B 6-D 7-B 8-B 9-C 10-D 11-G 12-B 13-A 14-B 15-A Option 2 1 -B 2-B 3-A 4-A 5-B 6-A 7-A 8-A 9-G 10-G 11-B 12-B 13-G 14-G 15-A
How is a chest CT scan performed?
Usually, a preliminary appointment is sufficient for diagnosis, but in emergency cases it is done on the day of treatment. Modern computed tomography machines can take pictures of fairly large areas of the body in a few seconds. This is very convenient for examining children and patients with severe pain and the inability to remain motionless for a long time.
The patient is positioned on a special table. It is secured with pads and straps to reduce mobility because movement blurs the image in the photograph. Then the table is sent inside the tomograph. Within a minute, the machine scans with X-rays and returns the patient to the office.
The radiologist is in the next room all this time and watches what is happening through thick glass. You can contact him at any time by clicking the contact staff button. The procedure does not bring any unpleasant sensations, and you can protect yourself from noise inside the tomograph with headphones or earplugs.
When diagnosing malignant neoplasms, a contrast agent is administered intravenously. Before this, the level of creatinine in the blood must be measured. The contrast agent helps determine the severity of the pathology and lesions.
Sensors transmit cross-sectional images to a computer screen. Pictures can be obtained both on removable media and in printed form.
CT scans of the ribs and chest are prescribed to children only for health reasons and in special diagnostic centers in pediatric departments.
content .. 31 32 35 ..Connection of the ribs to the sternum and spine (human anatomy)
7 true ribs are connected to the sternum using costal cartilages, and the cartilage of the first rib is connected by synchondrosis to the manubrium of the sternum. The remaining 6 costal cartilages (II-VII) form the sternocostal joints, articulationes sternocostales, of a flat shape. The cavity of the sternocostal joint of the second rib is divided by the intra-articular sternocostal ligament, lig. sternocostal intraarticulare, in two halves. These joints are strengthened by the radiate sternocostal ligaments, lig. sterno with stalia radiata, which are located in front and behind the joint. Between the costal cartilages of the VI-VIII ribs there are joints called interchondral joints, articulationes interchondrales, the bag of which is the perichondrium.
The ribs are connected to the vertebrae by costovertebral joints, articulationes costouertebrales, consisting of two joints. One of them is the joint of the head, articulatio capitis costae, the other is the costotransverse joint, articulatio costotransversaria, between the costal tubercle and the transverse process of the vertebra (Fig. 36).
Rice. 36. Connection of the ribs with the vertebrae and sternum. 1 - processus transversus; 2 - articulatio costotransversalia (opened); 3 - caput costae; 4 - nucleus pulposus; 5 - articulatio capitis costae; 6 - corpus costae; 7 - corpus sterni; 8 - carti-lago costalis; 9 - angulus costae
Thorax as a whole (human anatomy)
Rib cage
, thorax, is formed by 12 pairs of ribs with cartilage, 12 thoracic vertebrae, sternum and articular-ligamentous apparatus. The rib cage, which is part of the chest wall, is involved in protecting the organs located in the chest cavity. The chest has upper and lower openings: apertura thoracis superior et apertura thoracis inferior. The first is bounded posteriorly by the body of the first thoracic vertebra, laterally by the first rib, and anteriorly by the sternum; the second - behind the body of the XII thoracic vertebra, from the sides and in front - the XI and XII ribs, costal arches and the xiphoid process. The right and left costal arches form the substernal angle, angulus infrasternalis, the dimensions of which are determined by the shape of the chest.
The shape of the chest varies individually, depending on body type, age and gender. There are two extreme forms of the chest: 1) narrow and long with low ribs and a sharp substernal angle; 2) wide, short, with a greatly expanded lower opening and a large substernal angle.
The structure of the chest of a newborn has specific features. Its lower section predominates over the upper, the sagittal size is larger than the transverse one. With age, the shape of the chest changes. In old age, the inclination of the ribs increases due to a decrease in muscle tone, the substernal angle becomes smaller, and the transverse and sagittal dimensions decrease. At the same time, the chest increases in length. A woman's chest is more rounded, shorter and narrower in the lower section.
Chest X-ray anatomy (human anatomy)
On an anteroposterior x-ray of the chest, the dorsal segments of the ribs are visible, their lateral parts are projected onto each other. The costal cartilages do not produce shadows. To examine the costal heads and necks, anteroposterior radiography is performed. To study the sternum, an eccentric posteroanterior view is used, resulting in the sternum being projected next to the shadow of the spine. This image clearly shows the sternoclavicular joint, manubrium, body and xiphoid process of the sternum.
content .. 31 32 35 ..
How to prepare for a chest CT scan
There is no need for special preparation for a CT scan unless administration of a contrast agent is prescribed. About an hour before its administration, you need to have a light snack to avoid possible reactions: nausea, dizziness, drooling.
If the patient is diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and takes special medications, consultation with an endocrinologist is necessary and refusal to take pills for 48 hours before the procedure.
During lactation, you should stock up on breast milk for two feedings ahead.
Indications and contraindications for breast CT
A CT scan of the ribs and chest is prescribed if the cause of the disease cannot be determined or the x-ray image needs clarification. It can be:
- suspicions of pathologies of the lungs, heart, joints, mediastinum;
- diagnostics after injuries;
- examination before and after surgery;
- determination of zones for radiation therapy for malignant tumors;
- monitoring the condition after the completed course of treatment.
The list of contraindications is small. These include pregnancy, age under 14 years, and patient weight greater than 150 kg. The administration of a contrast agent is contraindicated if the patient has chronic renal failure, hyperthyroidism, or allergic reactions. Contrast is not possible if severe swelling or anaphylaxis was detected during a previous examination with a contrast agent.
A CT scan of the ribs and chest organs can be done at the Moscow Multidisciplinary Medical Center by making an appointment by phone or filling out a feedback form.
Photo: ru.freepik.com
Number of ribs in a person
The skeleton of an adult man and woman is no different in structure. Both the male and female bodies have the same number of ribs, namely 24. However, there are exceptions.
Initially, the embryo develops 29 pairs of ribs. As the fetus grows, only 12 pairs form the chest frame, the rest disappear during the formation of the skeleton. But with developmental disorders, an additional pair of bone plates appears, which are formed at the level of the 7th or 8th cervical vertebrae, and sometimes only 1 rudimentary rib appears at this place. Such bone processes partially fuse with 1 pair of thoracic ribs, change the anatomy of the neck and in 10% of cases cause severe harm to human health.
Skeletal structure
Usually, there are no extra bone plates sticking out, and you won’t be able to count your breast bones to identify additional ones. They are only detected by chest x-ray. This pathology occurs in approximately 0.5% of the planet's inhabitants and is usually characteristic of women.
Today, operations to remove the 12th pair of bones to form a thin waist are popular. After such an operation, only 11 pairs of breast bones remain in a woman’s body.