Anatomical structure of the human hand with names: names of the basic parts of the hand, features, photos

This article describes the anatomy of the human hand. You will learn everything about joints, muscles, tendons and skin.

Children study the structure of the human body at school, and students may also need such information for specialized education. The structure of each part of the body is complex. It can be difficult to learn their names.

Read all about the human skeleton in another article on our website. This is educational and interesting information.

This article describes the structure of the human hand, with the name of the basic parts, features, and so on. Read on.

Internal structure of the human body: names of the basic parts of the right and left hands, features, photos

The name of the basic parts of the right and left hand
The internal structure of the human body is studied by such a science as anatomy. Hands are the upper limb of the human body, which allows you to take objects, touch them and evaluate them. Below you will find the name of the basic parts of the right and left hands and their features. The musculoskeletal limb consists of several tissues:

• Bones are a solid organ that performs a musculoskeletal function. Serves as a frame for all other elements of the hand.
• Muscle is an organ that consists of muscle tissue. They are involved in the musculoskeletal system and the transmission of nerve impulses.
• Ligaments are an organ representing the formation of connective tissue. They hold the human skeleton and internal organs together.
• Cartilage is elastic connective tissue. There are no blood vessels or nerves inside the cartilaginous junction.
• Tendons are formations of connective tissue.
• Blood capillaries are thin vessels that participate in the blood circulation process.
• Nerve fibers are extensions of nerve cells. Their main role is to distribute nerve impulses.

Like any complex structure in the human body, the right and left hands consist of basic sections. See the photo above for more details. Sections of the human hand:

• Shoulder girdle
• Shoulder
• Forearm
• Brush

Each zone is connected to another department through a joint. This ensures mobility of the upper limbs. There are 32 bones in one human hand .

The structure of the bones of the shoulder girdle of the human arm with names in pictures: skeleton, photo

Bones of the shoulder girdle of the human arm
The skeleton of the bones of the shoulder girdle of the human arm represents: two pairs of shoulder blades and clavicles, which provide support and motor activity of the upper limbs.

The structure of the bones of the shoulder girdle of the human arm

Below you will find the buildings with names. Above in the picture everything is visible and described in detail. The right and left shoulder blades resemble a flat triangular bone located on the side of the back. It is slightly curved outward in the direction from the costal arches. The blade consists of several elements:

• Top corner
• Top edge
• Shoulder cutting
• Neck of the scapula
• Medial edge
• Subscapular fossa
• Subarticular tubercle
• Lateral edge
• bottom corner

The structure of the bones of the shoulder girdle of the human arm.
The lateral edge has a thickening for connection with the head of the humerus. The lower angle of the scapula ends at the level of the eighth rib. Along its axis is the key bone, which is connected to muscle fibers. The subarticular tubercle on the scapula allows you to make circular movements with your hands.

Collarbone

Another tubular bone belonging to the group of the shoulder joint is the clavicle. It is located in a horizontal position in the chest at the border with the neck. The bone serves as a connecting link between the sternum and the shoulder blades. The collarbone supports the entire muscular frame of the shoulder girdle.

The structure of the muscles of the shoulder girdle of the arm, the functions of the shoulder: description

The structure of the muscles of the shoulder girdle of the arm
The muscle tissue of the shoulder girdle of the arm includes the following muscles:

• Deltoid
• Supraspinatus
• Infraspinatus
• Subscapularis
• Big round
• Small round

Here is the detailed structure and function of the muscles of the shoulder and arm:

Deltoid:

• These are superficial muscle fibers that are located above the shoulder joint.
• In shape it resembles an inverted Latin letter “Delta”, which is where its name comes from.
• The structure of the deltoid muscle consists of three groups: scapular, acromial and clavicular.
• Each component ensures the movement of the hand in different directions.

Supraspinatus muscle:

• Resembles the shape of a triangle, which is located in the supraspinatus fossa of the scapula.
• She is responsible for abducting the shoulder to the sides.

Infraspinatus muscle:

• It resembles the shape of a flat triangle located in the infraspinatus fossa of the scapula.
• Its main function is to extend the shoulder in the shoulder joint.

Subscapularis muscle:

• Located in the central area, between the muscles of the chest and shoulder.
• It is responsible for lifting heavy objects and extending the shoulder.

Teres major muscle:

• It is located from the lower angle of the scapula to the tubercle of the humerus.
• In its structure it resembles a square shape, but when contracted it takes on a rounded shape.
• Its role is to break the shoulder and rotate along circular axes.

Teres minor:

• It is a continuation of the teres major muscle with a similar structure and functionality.
• Its location begins in the area of ​​the scapula and reaches the greater tubercle of the humerus.

A more detailed description of the structure of the muscles of the human arm is described in the picture below:

The structure of the muscles of the shoulder girdle of the arm

Causes of flexor tendon damage

The main cause of flexor tendon damage is, of course, injury.

For example, when injured by a knife, circular saw, glass, and so on.

But there are also closed injuries - tendon ruptures at the time of heavy load. Sudden lifting of a heavy object, as well as a tram while playing any sport.

Rheumatoid arthritis, for example, can cause the flexor tendons to weaken, making them more likely to rupture. This can happen for no apparent reason or injury - the patient may simply notice that the finger no longer bends, but cannot remember how this could have happened.

Anatomical structure of the human forearm: skeleton, drawing

Anatomical structure of the human forearm
The human forearm belongs to the category of long bones. Its anatomical structure is simple. The skeleton has two sections:

• Elbow bone
• Radius

They are connected to each other by interosseous membranes. This is clearly visible in the picture above. More details:

The ulna is a paired organ of the forearm of a triangular shape with a thickened structure at the top. The ulna becomes thinner towards the bottom. It has three departments:

• Upper section of the tubular bone . In this part there is a trochlear notch, which has two processes: anterior and posterior, as well as a radial notch connecting the processes with the radius.
• Base (body) . The section has a curve at the front.
• The lower part of the tubular bone. This part contains the head, styloid process and articular circumference.

Along its entire length it is covered with muscle fibers, with the exception of the posterior edge.

The radius is a paired organ of the forearm with a triangular shape. She has:

• The head is the widest and thickest place at the upper end of the bone.
• The neck is a narrowing that is located under the head.
• The tuberosity is the junction of the tendon of the main muscle of the shoulder.
• Styloid process located on the lateral side.
• The dorsal tubercle is located on the posterior surface of the rounded section of the tubular bone.
• The carpal articular surface is the point of connection with the bones of the wrist.

The main function of bones is a framework for the muscle layer, joints and cartilage, which provide motor activity to the arm.

Lexical minimum

As always, I'm posting a list of all the Latin terms I used in this article. This is for those readers who continue to learn Latin after the basic set of words from my first three lessons (first, second, third).

• Manus;
• Сarpi;
• Metacarpi;
• Ossa digitorum;
• Os scaphoideum;
• Os lunatum;
• Os triquertum;
• Os pisiforme;
• Os trapezium;
• Os trapezoideum;
• Os capitatum;
• Os hamarum;
• Ossa metacarpi;
• Ossa digitorum.

Structure of the human wrist: description

The structure of the human wrist
The human wrist is a section located between the bones of the forearm and the metacarpal bones. It has eight small bones, which are divided into two types: proximal and distal. Here is a description of the building:

The proximal view has four types of bones:

• Scaphoid - located in the first row of the wrist.
• Lunar - located in the second row on the radial side. The shape of the bone resembles a crescent, which is why it got its name.
• Triangular - located in the first row of the wrist. Has a convex surface.
• Pea-shaped - resembles an egg or oval in shape. It is located in the thickness of the tendons.

The distal section has four types of bones:

• The trapezoid bone has a concave structure and is located next to the triquetral bone.
• The trapezoid bone connects the trapezoid bone with five short tubular bones.
• The head bone is the largest of the carpal bones. It has a spherical shape.
• The hamate bone connects the capitate bone and the second row of carpal bones.

The main function of the wrist is the circular movements of the hand and its correct position.

Wrist fractures

The bones of the wrist, due to their shape, structure and position, are broken quite rarely. The most susceptible bone to fracture is the scaphoid, the large bone at the base of the big toe. Injuries to the lunate and pisiform bones of the wrist also occur. The triquetral bone, as well as the bones of the distal row - polygonal, trapezoid, capitate and hamate - are subject to fractures extremely rarely; usually their fractures are combined with dislocations in the corresponding joints.

Scaphoid fractures

The cause is a fall on a bent hand, a blow with a fist, or a direct injury to the wrist. The following options are possible:

• intra-articular fracture of the scaphoid - the fracture line is located inside the cavity of the wrist joint;
• extra-articular fracture - separation of the tubercle of the scaphoid;
• de Quervain's fracture-dislocation - a simultaneous fracture of the scaphoid and dislocation of its proximal fragment and the lunate from the wrist joint.

Symptoms are pain and swelling at the base of the thumb, inability to move the hand at the wrist joint, or clench the hand into a fist. The diagnosis is established based on the patient’s complaints, data on the nature of the injury, examination and radiography of the hand bones. Sometimes, in the absence of displacement of fragments, the fracture line with all its signs is not determined. In this case, immobilization is still carried out with repeated radiography after 7-10 days, when, due to the activation of regenerative processes, the fracture line becomes clearly visible.

Treatment is immobilization with a plaster cast for a period of 4 weeks, followed by monitoring and prolongation of immobilization in case of insufficient consolidation of the fracture. In case of displacement of fragments and fracture dislocation, closed reduction is ineffective; fixation of fragments of the scaphoid bone with a wire is indicated. Fractures of the scaphoid are often complicated by the development of a false joint or lysis of bone fragments due to damage to the blood vessels supplying them during injury. Therefore, it is important to follow all the doctor’s recommendations and take control photographs in a timely manner to avoid complications and deterioration in the function of the wrist joint. After restoring the integrity of the scaphoid bone, physiotherapeutic treatment and exercise therapy are indicated to restore hand function.

Lunate fractures

The cause is a fall on a bent hand or direct injury, a blow to the wrist. It manifests itself as pain and swelling, intensifying with movements in the third, fourth and fifth fingers and with extension of the hand. The diagnosis is established taking into account complaints, the mechanism of injury, an objective examination of the area of ​​damage and the results of an x-ray examination. To treat a lunate fracture, a plaster cast is applied for 4-8 weeks. Recovery usually proceeds without complications.

Fractures of the pisiform bone

The cause is a blow with the edge of the palm or direct injury. It manifests itself as pain and swelling of the wrist on the little finger side, increasing pain when it moves. The diagnosis is made taking into account complaints, anamnesis of injury, examination of the area of ​​damage and radiography of the bones of the hand. For complete consolidation of a fracture of the pisiform bone, 4-5 weeks of immobilization are sufficient. The injury is rarely complicated.

Anatomy of the structure of the human hand: skeleton, bones, muscles

Anatomy of the structure of the human hand
The skeleton of the human hand has the most complex structure. The composition includes 27 bones , which are divided into groups:

• Wrist
• Metacarpus
• Fingers

The bones are connected to each other by cartilage tissue. More detailed anatomy of the structure:

Anatomy of the structure of the human hand

The metacarpus is five tubular bones that have no special names. They are simply numbered with Roman numerals I – V from thumb to little finger. The structure of each bone is divided into three sections: the head, the body and the base. The head is connected to the bones of the fingers, and the base to the bones of the wrist.

The bones of the metacarpus are similar in joints to each other. The only difference is the third finger, which has a styloid process. All bones of the metacarpus are connected to each other by phalanges. The metacarpus performs a motor function and helps to hold objects in the hands.

fingers , except the thumb, have three phalanges:

• Proximal
• Average
• Distal

The longest phalanx is the proximal one, and the shortest one is the distal one. The middle phalanx connects the proximal and distal parts.

Anatomy of the structure of the human hand

Sesamoid bones - they are located in the thickness of the tendons. Sesamoid bones are located on the palmar surface, but in some exceptions they can be found on the dorsal surface. Their main function is to increase the strength of the shoulder muscles.

Anatomy of the structure of the human hand

Muscles and ligaments are responsible for power loads and lifting objects. Hand mobility and fine motor skills of fingers depend on muscle tissue. Tendons and ligaments securely hold the bones in a stationary state.

Metacarpal fractures

The long, thin metacarpal bones are often broken by a punch or direct trauma. Muscle traction and movements in the hand until the fracture is immobilized often lead to displacement of bone fragments. There are epiphyseal fractures, when the fracture line is localized in the area of ​​the bone heads, and diaphyseal fractures, when the fracture line is located in the bone body.

First metacarpal fracture

The cause is a blow with a bent first finger, less often a direct blow to the first metacarpal bone.

Fracture of the base of the first metacarpal bone . A typical injury for boxers and MMA fighters. A Bennett fracture is a separation of the base of the first metacarpal bone, which is held by ligaments, with simultaneous dislocation of most of it in the carpometacarpal joint. Rolando's fracture is a comminuted fracture-dislocation of the first metacarpal bone. Both injuries present with pain, deformation and swelling in the “anatomical snuffbox” area - the area under the base of the first finger - with increased pain when moving or trying to make a fist. Diagnosis is carried out taking into account complaints, trauma history, examination of the area of ​​injury and x-ray of the hand. Bennett and Rolando fractures are treated surgically using osteosynthesis - restoring bone integrity by fixing fragments with metal knitting needles, pins or plates.

Fracture of the middle part of the first metacarpal bone . More often it occurs due to a direct blow to the bone. It manifests itself as pain, swelling and deformation in the area of ​​the first metacarpal bone. The diagnosis is established taking into account the patient's complaints, information about the mechanism of injury, examination of the area of ​​the first metacarpal bone and x-ray examination of the bones of the hand. Treatment is plaster immobilization for a period of 4-5 weeks; if the fragments are displaced, preliminary closed reposition is required. If conservative reduction is ineffective, an operation - pin osteosynthesis - is performed to compare the fragments.

An example of Dr. Valeev’s operation to restore after a fracture of the first metacarpal bone:

Before surgery:

After operation:

Fracture of II, III, IV, V metacarpal bones

The cause is a blow with a fist or a fall on fingers clenched into a fist. They can be single, but more often several metacarpal bones are broken, usually the fourth and fifth. It manifests itself as pain, swelling and deformation of the hand, and a hematoma often occurs. Diagnosed on the basis of complaints, history of injury, objective examination and X-ray results of the bones of the hand. To treat a non-displaced fracture, immobilization is performed for a period of 4-5 weeks. If fragments are displaced, closed reduction is indicated, and if it is ineffective, skeletal traction or pin osteosynthesis is indicated.

Structure of the human thumb: bones and muscles with names

The structure of the human thumb
The structure of the human thumb: bones and muscles with names.

The structure of the thumb consists of two phalanges:

• Proximal
• Distal

At the end of the phalanx there is a bony plane that connects the phalanges to the joints. The thumb has a wide variety of muscles compared to other fingers:

Structure of the human thumb

• Abductor pollicis brevis muscle
• Opponus pollicis muscle
• Flexor pollicis brevis
• Adductor pollicis muscle

There are no muscles in the fingers themselves at all. Flexion and extension movements are carried out by the muscles of the palm and forearm.

The structure of the joints of the human hand with drawings: elbow, shoulder, wrist, fingers

The structure of the joints of the human hand with drawings.
Normal functioning of the musculoskeletal system is impossible without articular tissue, which is covered with a synovial membrane and an articular capsule. Here is the structure of the joints of the human hand with drawings - elbow, shoulder, wrist, fingers:

The structure of the joints of the human hand with drawings

Elbow joint:

• It is divided into three sections: radial, humeral and ulnar.
• The wrist joint is a movable connecting link between the bones of the hand and forearm.
• It resembles an ellipse in shape.
• Performs a very important motor function - flexion and extension of the hand.
• The joint is strengthened by a large number of ligaments.

The structure of the joints of the human arm
Shoulder joint:

• It connects the bones of the shoulder to the shoulder blades.
• The shoulder joint is the most mobile joint in the human body, allowing movement without stiffness.
• The shoulder joint allows for circular movements, as well as flexion and extension of the arm.

The structure of the shoulder joint looks like this:

• Articular process of the scapula
• Head of humerus
• Joint space
• Acromion - acromioclavicular joint

There are many carpal joints, but they are smaller in size than those described above. Therefore, to make it easier to remember, they should be divided into several different groups. The classification of hand joints looks like this:

The structure of the joints of the human hand

• The midcarpal joint is the connection between the first and second lines of bones at the base of the wrist.
• The carpometacarpal joints are the connection of two rows of bones at the wrist with the bones that lead to the fingers themselves.
• Metacarpophalangeal joints - the connection between the phalanges of the fingers and the metacarpal bones leading to them.
• Interphalangeal joints - there are 2 of them on all fingers (except for the big one, since it has 1 such joint).

The structure of the tendons of the human hand is described below. Read on.

Fracture of the phalanges of the fingers

The cause is a blow with the fingers, an injury while fixing the fingers, or a direct blow to the phalanges. Fractures of the phalanges of the fingers can be:

• intra-articular;
• extra-articular;
• single;
• multiple - within one finger or several;
• combined with dislocations in the metacarpophalangeal or interphalangeal joints.

Symptoms: pain, swelling, hematoma, deformity. The pain intensifies when you try to move your fingers. The diagnosis is established on the basis of complaints, trauma history, objective examination and X-ray results. To treat a fracture of the phalanges of the fingers without displacement, fixation is performed with a plaster cast for 3-4 weeks. In case of fracture-dislocations, joint reduction is performed; in case of displacement of fragments, closed reduction is performed. If it is not possible to compare the fragments using a closed method, skeletal traction or pin osteosynthesis is indicated.

Anatomy of the structure of the human hand: tendons of the shoulder, forearm, wrist, hand, finger

Anatomy of the human arm: tendons
Tendons are connective tissue that allows the full transmission of muscle load. Anatomy of the structure of the human hand - tendons of the shoulder, forearm, wrist, hand, finger:

Tendons are divided into two layers:

• Deep
• Surface

More details:

• Each connection has its own bed, which is located between the soft tissues.
• Tendons provide soft gliding without friction and wear of the joints.
• The ability of the hand to perform its direct functions depends on their condition.
• The palmar part contains the largest part of the tendons.
• Superficial ones go to each finger of the hand.
• The deep tendons end at the level of the nail phalanx.
• The extensor tendons are located on the back of the hand under a small layer of fat.

The connection of tendons with muscle tissue occurs due to collagen structures that fuse with muscle fibers.

Diagnosis of damage to the finger flexor tendons

These standard examination tests will help determine if there is damage to the flexor tendons.

Not every person will be able to understand whether there is damage to the tendon due to any injury. For an accurate diagnosis, it is better to entrust this to a specialist. During the examination, the doctor will ask you to bend and straighten your fingers to understand whether both flexor tendons in the palm of your hand (superficial and deep) or just one are damaged. While holding the proximal phalanx, the patient tries to bend the finger; if the middle phalanx does not bend, then both tendons are damaged. The middle phalanx is held in the same way and the patient tries to flex the distal phalanx; if the distal (ungual) phalanx does not flex, the deep flexor tendon is damaged. And so on for all the fingers (see picture below). If tendon damage is diagnosed, then surgery is required, which must be performed in the first 2 weeks from the moment of injury.

(Explanations for the figure in the text above)

To determine blood vessel damage, the doctor may palpate the pulses of the digital arteries, which run along both sides of each finger.

To determine nerve damage, you need to test the sensitivity of each finger. If damaged, sensitivity may be reduced (hypesthesia) or completely absent (anesthesia).

Additional tests

The doctor may also order x-rays to determine if there is any damage to the bone structures in serious injuries such as slash wounds, circular saw injuries, etc.

The structure of the skin of human hands: photo with description

The structure of the skin of human hands
Skin is the longest organ in the human body. Its main function is to protect against external negative factors. You see the photo with description above. Here is the structure of the skin of a person’s hands; it has three layers:

The epidermis is a thin stratum corneum that reaches a thickness of no more than 0.05 millimeters . Epidermal cells produce keratin. There are no blood vessels in the epidermis.

The structure of the epidermis includes:

• Stratum corneum
• Shiny layer
• Granular layer
• Spiked layer
• Basal layer

The basal layer contains substances responsible for the production of melanin. This substance protects the skin from aggressive sun rays and ultraviolet radiation. The cells of the basal layer are constantly dividing, which promotes renewal processes. Old cells change their shape and undergo the process of keratinization. They gradually peel off from the skin throughout a person's life.

The granular layer has a diamond shape, which is elongated parallel to the surface of the skin.

Dermis - by it we mean the inner layer of the skin, in which the sweat and sebaceous glands are located, which act as cleansers of the body from excess moisture and salts.

The hypodermis is a deep fatty layer that protects against cold and serves as the basic basis for the remaining layers.

It is worth noting:

The skin of the palm has distinctive features from all other parts of the body:

• Increased wear resistance
• There are no hair follicles or sebaceous glands in the palm
• There are many sweat glands on the skin of the palms

The skin of the hands is the main protector of our body, so it should always be given special attention.

First aid for tendon injuries

If you seriously injure your hand, apply a pressure bandage and ice immediately. This will stop or dramatically slow down the bleeding. Raise your arm above your head to slow down the blood flow. Contact a traumatologist as soon as possible.

The doctor must perform primary surgical treatment of the wound, which includes washing the wound with antiseptic solutions, stopping bleeding and suturing. This is followed by a tetanus shot and antibiotics to prevent infection.

Further, if the doctor has diagnosed a tendon injury, then he will refer you to a specialist in hand surgery to treat the tendon injury, i.e. it is necessary to perform a “tendon suture” operation, otherwise the flexion function of the finger will be lost.

The structure of nails on human hands: description

The structure of nails on human hands
Human nails are the most unique part of the human body. The anatomical structure is complex, but by studying it, you can learn a lot of interesting things. The body of the nail is located in the nail bed. Growth rate up to 4 mm per month. The nail is a dense, shiny and elastic coating that has a pink tint if the person is not sick. Read more about the structure of the nail in another article on our website at this link .