Medial meniscus tear (types, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment)

Definition and functions of the meniscus Classification of injuries Possible causes of pathology Symptoms of a meniscus tear Degrees of severity of a meniscus tear Diagnosis of a meniscal tear Treatment of a meniscal tear of the knee joint Prevention of a meniscal tear of the knee joint

The knee joint is the most vulnerable part of the human body

, which is exposed to constant trauma and damage in everyday life. One such injury is a torn meniscus of the knee joint.

This closed injury is rarely accompanied by persistent pain.

, and therefore can remain unnoticed for a long time not only by the patient himself, but also by doctors. There are often cases when the victim is simply sent on sick leave with a recommendation not to put any weight on the sore leg.

But a meniscus tear is an insidious disease

, which leads to the development of intra-articular pathologies. It often provokes the appearance of erosions of the joint capsule, arthrosis and other degenerative and inflammatory diseases associated with deterioration of depreciation in the joint.

Young, physically active people between 20 and 40 years old are most susceptible to meniscus injuries, but a tear can occur at any age

. Elderly patients with problem joints are also susceptible to it. Let's figure out how to treat a meniscus tear in young and old people and what complications this condition is fraught with.

A torn meniscus is a common knee injury.

meniscus

meniscus
The joint space of the knee joint contains paired cartilaginous structures called menisci. The lateral (outer) and medial (internal meniscus) are distinguished. They are crescent-shaped and consist of a wider body, anterior and posterior horns. These structures perform important functions; they provide stabilization and shock absorption of the joint.

The outer meniscus is less rigidly fixed; under mechanical stress it can shift, so its damage develops less frequently. The inner meniscus is more rigidly fixed, so it is more easily and often damaged by excessive stress.

Since the horns of the menisci contain a smaller volume of cartilage tissue, a violation of the integrity usually occurs in the area of their localization. A more pronounced mechanical impact can cause damage to the meniscus in the area of the horns and body.

Etiology

Damage to cartilage in the form of a rupture of varying severity occurs due to the influence of various etiological (causal) factors, the most common of which are:

Previous or acute knee injury that results from excessive flexion of the joint, a blow or fall on the joint, or twisting of the leg (rotation of the hip while the shin is locked). Traumatic changes predominantly occur in young people who lead an active lifestyle or engage in outdoor sports.
Degenerative-dystrophic changes in cartilage tissue, developing against the background of age-related changes, nutritional disorders (trophism) and leading to a decrease in its strength. This reason often occurs in older people, which is associated with general age-related changes (involution processes).
Congenital weakening of cartilage structures, caused by changes at the genetic level (the functional activity of genes responsible for the synthesis of the intercellular substance of cartilage tissue changes). Damage to the meniscus in this case develops against the background of normal stress in children or young people.
Long-term inflammation of the structures of large joints, leading to disruption of their functional state. This etiological factor occurs during the development of an autoimmune pathological process (rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatism), characterized by the formation of autoantibodies by immunocompetent cells that affect their own tissues, mainly the structures of the musculoskeletal system.

Knowledge of the factors that became the main cause of meniscus damage allows a medical specialist to select the optimal rehabilitation, as well as make recommendations regarding the prevention of its development.

Kinds

Partial rupture, in which there is a focal violation of integrity while maintaining the general anatomical structure and shape of the meniscus.
Complete rupture - a violation of integrity affects the entire thickness of the cartilage, resulting in a fragment that can be displaced relative to other structures of the knee.

To more accurately determine the severity of damage, there is a classification according to Stoller, which distinguishes 4 degrees:

Grade 0 – no changes.
Grade 1 – there are small focal changes.
2nd degree - more pronounced changes that have a linear shape and do not extend beyond the surface of the cartilage.
Grade 3 – changes affect the entire thickness of the cartilage, with a complete rupture of the meniscus.

Classification of a tear of the medial meniscus of the knee is possible based on the results of a thorough clinical examination, as well as objective diagnostic data, in particular using MRI (magnetic resonance imaging is necessary for Stoller classification).

X-ray examination

X-ray examination
X-ray examination. Includes taking x-rays of the knee in frontal and lateral projections. They make it possible to identify gross changes, therefore this method of visual examination is mainly used in the initial stages of diagnosis (in case of traumatic injuries, radiography is the first research method prescribed by a doctor in a trauma center).

CT scan. An imaging method based on layer-by-layer scanning of tissues performed using X-rays in a special installation. The resulting series of images is processed on a computer, which makes it possible to determine the slightest changes in tissues at different depths. The method has a fairly high resolution, but is not suitable for determining the degree of change according to Stoller.

Ultrasound. Tissue visualization occurs using a sound wave, which is recorded when reflected from media with different densities. This diagnostic research technique allows us to identify inflammatory signs, in particular an increase in the volume of synovial fluid in the joint cavity.

Arthroscopy. A modern invasive research technique in which the internal structures of the joint are examined using an arthroscope inserted into its cavity (a special tube with a video camera and lighting). Arthroscopy is used to perform surgical procedures.

Symptoms

Damage to the internal meniscus of the knee in the form of a tear is characterized by the appearance of several main clinical signs:

Pain localized mainly on the inside of the knee. Its intensity depends on the cause of the injury (after an injury the pain is acute, but during degenerative processes it develops gradually). It increases when trying to perform movements in the knee, as well as against the background of loads on the lower limbs.
Limitation of mobility with a decrease in the range of movements in the knee, up to complete block, which occurs with a complete rupture of the meniscus, accompanied by a sharp onset of acute pain.
Inflammatory signs include redness of the skin (redness), swelling of the soft tissue (edema), and increased pain that may be present at rest.

The severity of clinical symptoms depends on the location and severity of the pathological process. With the gradual destruction of cartilage tissue against the background of degenerative-dystrophic processes, signs appear gradually, they can intensify over a fairly long period of time.

Diagnosis of knee injury

Acute pain and the serious condition of the patient do not allow one to determine by eye at the time of injury exactly which of the components of the knee joint was damaged. This could be a meniscus, a ligament or a tendon rupture. Symptoms become typical only after 14 days. Until this moment, modern research methods will come to the aid of specialists:

ultrasound;
MRI;
CT.

As first aid, before the ambulance arrives or until the patient is taken to the emergency room, it is necessary to apply ice to the knee and ensure that the limb is immobile.

Conservative therapy

Conservative therapy
Once a medial meniscus tear has been diagnosed, treatment without surgery is prescribed only on the basis of certain criteria, which include the location, characteristics and severity of the damage. The medical specialist must take into account the cause of the pathological condition.

It is usually possible to prescribe conservative measures if small changes have been identified that do not extend beyond the surface of the cartilage. An incomplete meniscal tear can be treated without surgery using medications, physical therapy, and rehabilitation measures. During treatment, the knee is provided with functional rest, which is achieved by immobilization (immobilization) using tight bandages or a plaster splint.

Surgical intervention

The main purpose of the operation is to restore the anatomical integrity of the medial meniscus, which allows for the normal functional state of the knee joint in the future.

Surgery can be performed using an open approach or arthroscopy. Modern arthroscopic intervention is considered the technique of choice, since it is less traumatic and can significantly reduce the duration of the postoperative and rehabilitation period.

Drug treatment

Medicines, their dosage and regimen of use are determined by a medical specialist individually for each patient, necessarily taking into account various factors, such as the person’s age, gender, location and severity of damage. Drug therapy primarily includes the use of drugs from several pharmacological groups:

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs - drugs are used to reduce the severity of inflammation of moderate intensity. Usually tablet or injectable dosage forms are prescribed in combination with drugs for external use (cream or ointment).
Glucocorticosteroids are hormonal drugs that are prescribed for severe long-term inflammation, in particular against the background of an autoimmune reaction.
Chondroprotectors are a group of drugs that reduce the rate of destruction of cartilage tissue and also promote its restoration.
Vitamins - allow you to speed up the process of tissue regeneration, as well as improve the general condition of the patient.

As an alternative method of conservative therapy, intra-articular administration of platelet mass (a biological preparation that is a suspension of platelets in physiological solution) is possible. It contains biologically active compounds “growth factors” that stimulate regeneration processes in cartilage and connective tissue.

First aid

When a meniscus ruptures, the pain is so severe that the victim cannot put weight on his foot. He needs help getting to bed, laying him down, raising the injured leg by placing a bolster or pillow under his shin. You should not try to straighten a blocked joint, as this can cause even greater damage. It is necessary to fix the joint with a splint, a removable splint, or apply an elastic bandage that does not compress the skin too much.

To relieve inflammatory swelling and eliminate pain, apply an ice pack wrapped in thick cloth to your knee every hour for 10 minutes. Any non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) can be used as analgesics - Ketorol, Nise, Diclofenac, Nurofen tablets.

Physiotherapeutic procedures

Physiotherapy involves the use of various physical factors that reduce the severity of inflammatory, degenerative-dystrophic processes, and also promote faster tissue restoration. For this, depending on the severity of the pathological process and the technical capabilities of the medical institution, the following can be used:

ozokerite;
mud baths;
electrophoresis with various anti-inflammatory drugs.

The duration of use of physiotherapeutic procedures is determined individually by a medical specialist. They are usually combined with drug treatment.

physical therapy complex

complex of physical therapy
After the basic therapeutic course, restorative procedures and measures are prescribed. They involve special physical training in a physical therapy complex (PT). In this case, the load on the knee increases in stages, and this allows the cartilage structures to adapt to it in order to avoid repeated damage.

Due to the fact that the joint is in a state of functional rest for quite a long time, there is a risk of developing contractures (connective tissue adhesions), so rehabilitation with exercises is necessary to prevent the development of this complication. The duration of the course of such measures depends on the type of treatment performed, as well as on the severity of the damage. Typically it varies over a period of time from several months to six months.