Anatomy
The first metatarsal bone of the foot is the shortest and most massive, and the second is the longest. The first bone has two platforms to which the sesamoid bones are attached. The heads are compressed from the outside and from the sides. The body of each PC has three edges, between which there are interosseous spaces (free spaces). With their articular surface, the above bones are connected to the tarsal bones.
The fifth metatarsal bone has a tuberosity. The tendon of the peroneus brevis muscle is attached to the tuberous part. The articular facet of this bone is located only on the medial side.
The metatarsus with the bones of the tarsus forms transverse and longitudinal arches. The tarsal arch is located in the area of the tarsal bones, and the metatarsal arch is located in the area of the heads of the metatarsal bones. These arches perform a shock-absorbing function during walking and under static loads. In addition, they prevent tissue damage and promote normal blood flow.
Additional photos
The heel bone is the most massive bone of the foot. It is distinguished by the shaft of the calcaneus, corpus calcanei, ending behind the tubercle of the calcaneus, tuber calcanei; on the medial side of the shaft there is a protrusion that supports the calcaneus, sustentaculum tali. On the upper surface of the body there are posterior and anterior articular surfaces corresponding to those on the calcaneus, facies articularis talaris posterior et anterior, and the anterior surface, as on the calcaneus, is divided into two parts, one of which (medial) extends to the sustentaculum tali. The anterior and posterior articular surfaces are separated by a wide, uneven groove (sulcus calcanei). This groove, together with the parietal groove, forms a depression - the tarsal sinus, which opens on the shaft of the bone from the lateral side. The sustentaculum of the talus originates from the shaft of the calcaneus on the medial side. It supports the head of the talus. On its lower surface there is the above-mentioned sulcus tendinis flexoris hallucis longi, which is a continuation of the sulcus of the same name on the calcaneus. On the lateral side of the calcaneus there is a small block of the humerus (trochlea peronealis). Below it is the sulcus tendinis tt. peronei of the peroneus muscle. At the anterior end of the body there is another articular platform for connection with the cuboid bone, facies articularis cuboidea. Metatarsophalangeal joints, articulationes metatarsophalangeae, are formed by the heads of the metatarsal bones and the basal fossae of the proximal phalanges. The articular surfaces of the heads of ossa metatarsalia II-V have an irregular spherical shape: the epiphyseal part of the articular surface is significantly flattened. The articular bottom of the phalanges has an oval shape. The articular capsule is free, attached to the edge of the articular cartilage and very thin on the posterior side. On the lateral and medial sides, the joints are supported by collateral ligaments, ligamenta collateralia. On the plantar side, the joints are strengthened by plantar ligaments, ligamenta plantaria (these ligaments sometimes contain fibrocartilage and sesamoid bones). There is also a deep transverse metatarsal ligament, ligamentum metatarseum transversum profundum. This is a fibrous ligament that lies transversely between the heads of the IV metatarsal bones and is attached to the capsules of the metatarsophalangeal joints, connecting the heads of all metatarsal bones. This ligament plays an important role in the formation of the transverse arch of the metatarsal bone.
Metatarsal head displacement
Displacement of the head of the joint leads to inflammation of the joint, the development of synovitis and capsulitis. The enlarged head of these bones is covered with calloused skin. The main sign of displacement of the head of the PC is pain in the area of the damaged joint.
As for the treatment of this disease, it depends on the degree of deformation of the head. In the initial stages, orthopedic devices are used (instep supports, interdigital spacers, insoles, etc.). If we talk about surgical intervention, it makes it possible to eliminate valgus of the first toe and flat feet. Under local anesthesia, corrective osteotomy and removal of the deformed head are performed. After the operation, the patient is attached to instep supports (special orthopedic products that support the longitudinal arch of the foot) to the foot.
Fracture of the metatarsal bone of the foot
PC fractures can be either fatigue (stress) or traumatic.
A traumatic fracture usually occurs as a result of a direct blow or as a result of a twisted foot. This fracture is accompanied by a characteristic crunch during the injury, deviation of the finger to the side (or its shortening), as well as pain, swelling or bruising in the area of the fracture. A Jones fracture is one of the types of PC fractures. This fracture occurs at the base of the fifth bone. It is characterized by delayed fusion or nonunion. Very often this injury is confused with a sprain.
A stress fracture of the metatarsal bone is the formation of invisible cracks, the main triggers of which are:
- pathological bone structure;
- osteoporosis;
- long repeated loads;
- foot deformity.
A stress fracture is accompanied by pain during or after exercise, swelling, and also painful palpation.
Improper treatment or lack of treatment for this injury can lead to complications such as:
- chronic foot pain;
- fracture nonunion;
- deformation;
- arthrosis
Treatment of a fracture depends on the presence of displacement, as well as the location and nature of the injury. For a PC fracture, the following treatment methods are used:
- surgery (displaced fracture);
- plaster immobilization (fracture without displacement).
If a metatarsal bone is fractured with displacement, at the time of surgery, traumatologists compare the bone fragments, and then fix them with implants.
Description of diseases that affect the structure of the human foot
An open fracture with displacement of part of the metatarsal bone requires urgent surgical intervention. In this case, the doctor places all parts of the bone in their places and secures them with the help of special implants. Then a bandage is applied. The metatarsal bone heals very poorly. Often the operation is repeated or a cast is applied if the patient violates the conditions and removes the bandage himself. However, if the fracture is not displaced, plaster immobilization alone is sufficient. It is important to know that he needs complete rest for about four weeks. The arch of the foot provides shock absorption during static loads and walking, it also prevents compression of soft tissues during movement and promotes good blood circulation.
Metatarsus
Metatarsus, metatarsus,
consists of five metatarsal bones,
ossa metatarsdlia,
which are short (monoepiphyseal) tubular bones and resemble the metacarpal bones on the hand.
Like the latter, they distinguish between the proximal end, or base, basis
, the middle part, or body,
corpus
, and the distal end, head,
caput
.
They count starting from the medial edge of the foot. With their bases, the metatarsal bones are articulated with the bones of the distal row of the tarsus in such a way that the I, II and III metatarsal bones are each connected to the corresponding sphenoid bone; The IV and V metatarsals articulate with the cuboid bone. The base of the second metatarsal bone protrudes significantly backwards due to the shortness of the intermediate wedge-shaped bone that articulates with it. In addition to the articular surfaces at their proximal ends (places of articulation with the tarsal bones), the bases of the metatarsal bones have narrow lateral facets - places of articulation with each other.
The base of the fifth metatarsal has an articular facet only on the medial side for the fourth metatarsal. On the lateral side it forms a protrusion, tuberositas ossis metatarsalis V
.
The base of the first metatarsal bone also has a tubercle extending towards the sole, tuberositas osis metatarsalis
I. The heads are flattened laterally and, like the heads of the metacarpal bones, have pits on the sides for attaching ligaments. The first metatarsal bone is the shortest and thickest, the second metatarsal bone is the longest.
Inflammation of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the foot
Located in the area between the tarsal bones and the phalanges of the toes. These are short tubular bones, there are five of them (counting from the big toe to the little toe). According to their structure, the metatarsal bones are divided into shaft, head and base. The shaft of this type of bone has a protrusion toward the back. The most massive part of the metatarsal bones is their base. These bones are wedge-shaped, with the wider part pointing upward. This feature applies to the first four bones, since in the fifth metatarsal the wider part faces the medial side. Treatment consists of eliminating the cause of flat feet and restoring the arch with the help of special exercises and orthopedic shoe inserts. If this is ineffective, surgical repair is performed.
Structure of the metatarsal bone
Each metatarsal bone has a wedge-shaped base, body and head. The second metatarsal bone is the longest, and the first is the most massive and short. The first metatarsal bone is divided into two areas. Sesamoid bones are adjacent to both areas of the metatarsal bone. The structure of the metatarsal bones is similar to the structure of the metacarpal bones, however, the heads of the metatarsal bones are compressed from the sides and narrowed.
The body of each metatarsal bone has three sides, and between the sides there are free spaces - interosseous spaces. With their articular surface, the metatarsal bones connect to the tarsal bones.
In the fifth metatarsal, the articular facet is located on only one side (medial). The fifth metatarsal bone is slightly tuberous. The peroneus brevis tendon is attached to the tuberosity of the fifth bone.
The base of the first metatarsal bone forms a joint with the medial cuneiform bone. The bases of the second and third metatarsal bones are connected to the lateral bone and the sphenoid bones. The fifth bone is connected to the cuboid bone.
The metatarsal bones form longitudinal and transverse arches with the tarsal bones, with their convexity facing upward. The metatarsal arch is located in the area of the heads of the metatarsal bones, and the tarsal arch is located in the area of the tarsal bones.
The arches of the feet perform a shock-absorbing function when walking and during static loads, and also prevent tissue damage and create conditions for normal blood flow.
Pain from metatarsal injuries
A symptom that characterizes the fact of injury or disease of the metatarsal bone is pain in the metatarsal bones . This symptom may indicate that the metatarsus has been, for example, broken, dislocated, sprained, sprained, or simply bruised. In addition, inflammation may appear in this part of the foot, which also causes pain. Inflammation of the metatarsal bone can be caused, among other things, by bunions, flat feet, so-called runner's toe, or so-called hammer toe. In this case, pain in the metatarsus is most often observed when walking .
Pain and numbness in the metatarsal region are manifested by Morton's metatarsalgia, which is pressure on the plantar nerve. Other circumstances that cause midfoot pain include: degenerative changes, uncomfortable and inappropriate footwear, improper foot positioning when walking and playing sports, overuse from strenuous workouts, too much marching, etc.
The sensation of pain in the metatarsus can also herald diseases such as chronic venous insufficiency, gout, peripheral neuropathies or heel spurs. Moreover, pregnant women (especially in the last trimester of pregnancy) and overweight people may complain of pain in the middle of the foot.
Metatarsal head displacement
The proximal phalanges of the fingers and the heads of the metatarsal bones form the metatarsophalangeal joints. The articular capsule of bone consists of an outer layer represented by dense fibrous tissue and an inner layer formed by the synovial membrane.
Displacement of the head of the metatarsal bones leads to inflammation and further damage to the joint, the development of capsulitis and synovitis. The enlarged head of the metatarsal bones is covered with calloused skin. Pain in the joint area is the main sign of displacement of the head of the metatarsal bones.
Metatarsal fracture
Metatarsal fractures can be traumatic or stress (fatigue). A traumatic fracture (without displacement or with displacement) can occur as a result of a twisting of the foot or a direct blow. When a metatarsal bone is fractured without displacement, the bone fragments maintain their correct position. In a displaced fracture, the anatomical position of the fragments is disrupted.
A traumatic fracture of the metatarsal bone manifests itself in a characteristic crunch during the injury, pain in the area of the fracture, shortening of the finger or its deviation to the side. There may be bruising or swelling in the area of the fracture.
A Jones fracture is one of the types of metatarsal bone fractures. This fracture occurs at the base of the fifth metatarsal bone and is characterized by nonunion or delayed union. One type of metatarsal fracture is a Jones fracture. A Jones fracture is often misdiagnosed as a sprain.
Fatigue fracture of the metatarsal bones is an invisible crack that occurs due to foot deformation, osteoporosis, pathological bone structure, and prolonged repeated loads.
With a stress fracture of the metatarsal bone, pain occurs after or during loading, pain in the area of the fracture when touched, and swelling.
In the absence of treatment or in case of improper treatment of a fracture of the metatarsal bones, complications can develop - arthrosis, deformities, non-union of the fracture, chronic pain in the foot.
Treatment of a fracture depends on its location, nature, and the presence of displacement. The following methods are used to treat metatarsal bone fractures:
- Plaster immobilization – used for fractures of the metatarsal bones without displacement;
- Surgical intervention.
In case of a displaced fracture, bone fragments are compared and then fixed with implants.
Anatomy of the metatarsus
It has been clarified where the metatarsus is located in the human body. Now let's note what it consists of. Its structure is as follows: heads of metatarsal bones; their bodies; their foundations.
The metacarpal bones contain the same elements.
The metatarsal bones are counted from the medial edge of the foot. At the base of each metatarsal bone there is an articular surface, which is necessary to connect the bones of the metatarsus with the bones of the tarsus. The tarsus is formed by 7 short spongy bones.
The base of each metatarsal bone is wedge-shaped. In this case, the first 4 bones have a wedge directed with a sharp peak downward, and the 5th bone directs its wedge laterally.
The first metatarsal bone is divided into 2 parts, to which the sesamoid bones are attached. Each bone with the one next to it has interosseous spaces (4 in total). The first bone, or more precisely, its base and the medial sphenoid bone form a single joint. The second and third bones (their bases) are connected to the lateral and sphenoid. The fifth bone and the cuboid are also connected to each other.
The body of the metatarsal bone is characterized by 3 faces that have space between them - the interosseous space of the metatarsal bone. Each body is prism-shaped and slightly convex.
Why is it important to know the structure of the metatarsus of the foot? In our lives there is constant risk and various extreme situations that may not always end well for our health. If you receive one or another injury, you need to know how to provide first aid. If you know the structure of the musculoskeletal system and where each of the bones of the body can be located, a person will be able to help himself.
Meaning of the word metatarsus
He was particularly interested in my left metatarsus (the metatarsus is the five bones located between the phalanges of the toes and the seven tarsal bones.
Areas of the cow's body: 1 – nostrils; 2 – nasolabial speculum; 3 – lower lip; 4 – nasal area; 5 – buccal area; 6 – area of the external masticatory muscle; 7 – eye area; 8 – frontal region; 9 – temporal region; 10 – area of the parotid gland; 11 – area of the larynx; 12 – upper neck; 13 – lower neck; 14 – dewlap; 15 – chest area; 16 – withers; 17 – back; 18 – lower back; 19 – lateral chest wall; 20 – iliac region; 21 – lower wall of the abdomen; 22 – area of the scapula; 23 – area of the shoulder joint; 24 – shoulder; 25 – elbow; 26 – forearm; 27–31 – front paw (27 – wrist, 28 – metacarpus, 29 – fetlock area, 30 – coronoid area, 31 – claw area); 32 – croup; 33 – maklok; 34 – ischial tuberosity; 35 – thigh; 36 – posterior edge of the thigh; 37 – area of the kneecap; 38 – shin; 39–43 – hind paw (39 – tarsus, 40 – metatarsus, 41 – fetlock area, 42 – coronoid area, 43 – claw area); 44 – tail; 45 – udder
For the sake of curiosity, let’s take a look at the International Classification of Diseases (www.mkb10.ru): what you won’t find there: osteochondrosis of the hip and pelvis, osteochondrosis of the humerus, radius and ulna... Let’s not bother ourselves with boring names of places where osteochondrosis can develop - the tarsus , patella, metatarsus, tibia and fibula, hand bones, separately the head of the femur... I think you are already tired of this listing.
Anatomical structure of the cat skeleton: 1 – facial part of the skull; 2 – lower jaw; 3 – brain part of the skull; 4 – first cervical vertebra; 5 – cervical vertebrae; 6 – shoulder blade; 7 – thoracic vertebrae; 8 – ribs; 9 – lumbar vertebrae; 10 – sacrum; 11 – pelvis; 12 – caudal vertebrae; 13 – femur; 14 – tibia and fibula; 15 – metatarsus; 16 – fingers (paw); 17 – metacarpus; 18 – radius; 19 – ulna; 20 – humerus; 21 – chest bone
Anatomical structure of the skeleton of cats: 1 – facial part of the chateau; 2 – lower jaw; 3 – cranial part; 4 – first cervical vertebra; 5 – cervical vertebrae; 6 – shoulder blade; 7 – thoracic vertebrae; 8 – ribs; 9 – lumbar vertebrae; 10 – sacrum; 11 – pelvis; 12 – caudal vertebrae; 13 – femur; 14 – tibia and fibula; 15 – metatarsus; 16 – fingers; 17 – metacarpus; 18 – radius and ulna; 19 – humerus; 20 – sternum.
The structure of the cat's skeleton: 1 – facial part of the skull; 2 – lower jaw; 3 – skull; 4 – first cervical vertebra; 5 – cervical spine; 6 – shoulder blade; 7 – thoracic spine; 8 – ribs; 9 – lumbar spine; 10 – sacral spine; 11 – pelvic bones; 12 – caudal spine; 13 – femur; 14 – tibia and fibula; 15 – metatarsus; 16 – paw (fingers); 17 – metacarpus; 18 – radius and ulna; 19 – humerus; 20 – chest bone
Dog body structure: 1 – lip; 2 – nose; 3 – dorsum of the nose; 4 – muzzle; 5 – transition from the frontal part to the muzzle; 6 – eye; 7 – forehead; 8 – cheekbone; 9 – parietal part; 10 – ear; 11 – back of the head (occipital protuberance); 12 – neck; 13 – withers; 14 – back; 15 – lumbar region; 16 – croup; 17 – ischium (ischial tuberosity); 18 – shoulder; 19 – chest (chest); 20 – front of the chest; 21 – forearm; 22 – wrist; 23 – metacarpus; 24 – front paw; 25 – elbow; 26 – lower chest; 27 – stomach; 28 – groin; 29 – thigh; 30 – knee; 31 – lower leg; 32 – heel; 33 – hock joint; 34 – metatarsus; 35 – hind paw; 36 – tail
Thoracic (front): shoulder, elbow, forearm, wrist, metacarpus and pelvic (posterior): thigh, knee, shin, heel, metatarsus.
And if you look at the beak, then the beak is spoon-nosed, or even steep-nosed, the neck is like a swan, beautifully curved, the back is like yours, sir, straight and wide, the chest is also full and round... Tula - those gray or clayey ones, metatarsus and beak like among the Arzamas ones... And that is, the Kholmogory goose, the Resitilovsky goose.
Carefully figure out where the forehead, back of the head, withers, back, shoulder, croup, elbow, wrist joint, metacarpus, puto, lower back, thigh, knee, lower leg, hock joint, metatarsus are located; All these names must be remembered well.
Metatarsal fracture
A metatarsal fracture is a serious injury that is very common. There are two types of injury: single fracture, when one bone is affected; multiple fracture if 2 or more bones are affected.
The damage may involve different parts of the bone. This may be the diaphysis, base and neck. We can also talk about different forms of fracture: transverse, oblique, wedge-shaped fracture.
There is another classification of injury depending on the traumatic factor: traumatic fracture, which occurs after a blow or other strong mechanical impact; fatigue, which occurs with frequent and systematic load on the limbs.
A traumatic fracture can be of a displaced form, and there is an asymmetry in the location of the parts of the bone in relation to each other, and a non-displaced form, when the parts of the bone are in the same plane. You can also distinguish a closed fracture, when there are no visible signs, and an open one, when there is a wound to the skin above the location of the fracture.
Synovitis of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the foot
Synovitis is an inflammatory process that affects the inner lining of the joint capsule. A characteristic feature of synovitis is the almost complete absence of pain. Due to the absence of such a symptom, a person does not immediately go to the hospital, which can lead to dangerous complications.
Let's consider the main reasons for the development of synovitis:
Foot injury. The first and most common reason for getting such a disease as synovitis is observed in people leading a sports lifestyle. When an injury occurs, the integrity of the joint capsule is lost.
Infection of the joint cavity. If the integrity of the capsule is violated, pathogenic organisms enter it: staphylococci, pneumococci, streptococci.
Synovitis can be a consequence of another developing disease: bursitis, gout, hemophilia, gonorrhea or syphilis.
Synovitis can occur as a response of the body to a certain allergen. In this case, reactive synovitis occurs.
Synovitis mainly develops in the area of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe. Symptoms are expressed in swelling of the affected area, redness of the skin, discomfort when walking and exertion.
When the first symptoms of synovitis appear, it is recommended to immediately go to the hospital for the necessary diagnosis. As a rule, treatment of the disease consists of joint puncture. The operation is performed using a special tube through which the doctor removes excess fluid. This eliminates swelling and overstretching of the ligamentous apparatus.
But it is worth noting that treatment of the disease by puncture is not suitable for every patient. So, if a person suffers from a bleeding disorder, blood infection, or has a break in the skin where the needle needs to be inserted, this treatment is not used.
Antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs are used as treatment with medications when puncture is ineffective. Physiotherapy, which is carried out in combination with other treatment methods, is no less useful.