Caring for the stump after amputation: practical tips and care products

HEALTH AND JOY OF MOVEMENT

What could be more important than feeling good? Physical vigor, energy, and an optimistic attitude are the key to our success in business, career advancement, and simply a feeling of joy from every new day.

Spending the whole day in the office or busy at home, on vacation we strive to change our surroundings, move around, run, play sports, and work in the garden.

However, unusual movement activity almost always carries a risk of injury. An awkward turn of the foot leads to rupture of the ligaments, a sharp jerk leads to a dislocation of the joint. But now first aid has been provided, the stress is over. How to quickly return to normal life, relieve pain and swelling? TONUS ELAST advises: always have an effective, inexpensive and effective product on hand - elastic medical bandages.

COACH ADVICE

When performing health-improving exercises, be guided by the following rules: do not overestimate your physical capabilities, do not strive for maximum range of motion, do everything without tension. Never force the load, but increase it gradually, day by day, as your physical fitness improves. Especially if you are taking up physical exercise for the first time or have had a long break from exercise. Women who want to lose weight faster usually do weight training. If you feel pain in your joints during and after exercise, you need to pay more attention to warming up, reduce the weight of the weights and apply fixing elastic bandages to the areas of the knee and elbow joints, wrists, and ankles. This will not only relieve pain, but will also make you feel much more confident.

Not only having dressing material at hand, but also knowledge about how to properly dress a wound will help make the healing process high-quality and fast. Incorrect application of a bandage or poor quality treatment of the damaged surface can lead to internal inflammation.

Injuries vary greatly in type and extent of tissue damage - from a small cut to a deep laceration. Even the smallest scratch requires a careful approach to its treatment and application of dressing material to avoid infection.

The purpose of dressing is to prevent bacteria and pathogens from entering the wound. Approaches to wound treatment are being improved from year to year. Today, healing techniques are aimed at not only not interfering with the natural process of tissue regeneration, but also helping it to be realized as much as possible. For example, the long-standing statement that a wound should always be dry is no longer justified. Scientists have come to the conclusion that the moist environment created by the wound itself is necessary for high-quality epithelization.

The healing time of a wound, depending on its size and depth, may vary in duration. Typically, a full regeneration cycle takes about two months. At the first stage, immediately after injury, an active inflammatory process occurs as the body’s response to damage. Redness and swelling of the skin develop, and severe tissue soreness is present. The initial phase lasts several hours. Then comes the healing stage, during which new cells are actively produced that form collagen fibers. After two days, the injured epithelium is completely replaced.

Scar formation begins a week after the injury. Its appearance depends on how badly the tissue was damaged and how correctly the dressings were applied. The general approach to treating a wound after trauma requires the following steps:

• Stop bleeding. If you are convinced that the wound is small and low-risk, you can stop the bleeding yourself by carefully pressing a piece of clean gauze to the wounded surface.
• Primary processing. After stopping the bleeding, it is necessary to carefully free the damaged area from possible dirt and foreign elements, and then disinfect it. Early disinfection is very important: almost immediately after damage, the surface is attacked by bacteria and microorganisms.
• Applying a bandage . A dressing material is applied to the wound surface, the size of which must match the size of the lesion. The dressing must be carefully secured with an external gauze bandage.

Correct application of a dressing material during initial self-treatment of a wound will significantly speed up the healing process.

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PHLEBEURYSM

What are varicose veins? Experts define it as an expansion of superficial veins, accompanied by impaired blood flow. The Latin word varix means knot. Swelling of the feet and ankle joints, a feeling of heaviness in the calf muscles, cramps, specific venous pain, itching of the skin of the legs - all these are symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency. According to statistics, more than a third of the European population suffers from chronic venous diseases. A major role in the development of varicose veins is played by hereditary predisposition, prolonged static loads, excess body weight, and the use of certain medications.

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Elastic bandaging is one of the oldest and at the same time effective methods of treating varicose veins. A correctly applied elastic bandage eliminates the symptoms of varicose veins, such as swelling, pain, a feeling of heaviness and bloating in the calves. In the treatment of trophic ulcers and severe swelling, bandaging plays a key role.

At the same time, many patients and even honey. staff often make mistakes by bandaging incorrectly. Therefore, elastic bandaging has recently been used less frequently than compression hosiery.

You need to bandage starting from the foot. If the foot is left open, the elastic bandage placed above will act as a constriction and the foot may swell.

The most common mistake is to bandage only the area where there are varicose veins. You need to bandage the entire leg, starting from the bottom, from the foot. The first turn should be applied at the base of the fingers, leaving them open.

The heel must be covered with an elastic bandage.

Another common mistake is leaving the heel exposed. The fact is that in this area, slightly below the inner ankle, there is often a powerful venous network, which is often dilated with varicose veins. It must be said that venous pressure in this zone is maximum. With advanced venous insufficiency, trophic ulcers very often appear here. Therefore, the heel should be tightly bandaged. You can apply the bandage in a figure eight, covering the heel and ankle joint, however, for simplicity, I recommend bandaging in a spiral, so that one of the turns falls exactly in the middle of the heel, the bandage will hold better.

When bandaging, you need to create a pressure gradient, that is, a pressure difference: more tightly at the bottom in the foot area, gradually easing the pressure upward, towards the groin.

In the area of ​​the foot and in the lower third of the leg, I recommend bandaging so that each subsequent turn overlaps the previous one by 2/3. You can even use a herringbone bandage in the lower third of the shin. Above, it is recommended to bandage so that each subsequent turn overlaps the previous one by 1/2. The tension in the area of ​​the foot and in the lower third of the lower leg should be maximum, in the area of ​​the lower leg and knee joint - slightly less, and in the area of ​​the thigh insignificant. At the same time, you should not overtighten the bandage; at rest you should feel quite dense pressure, however, after a short walk the discomfort should completely disappear.

To what level should I bandage?

Quite often you can find a recommendation that you need to bandage 5-10 centimeters above the affected area of ​​the vein. However, you will not be able to determine which part of the vein is affected on your own, without an ultrasound. In addition, very often the vein is affected from the groin itself, but outwardly it is not noticeable. In addition, the bandage is applied not only for varicose veins, but also for lymphostasis, post-thrombotic disease, deep vein thrombosis, when the leading symptom is not varicose veins, but swelling. Therefore, I recommend bandaging either to the knee, or to the middle third of the thigh, or to the groin.

If you are wrapping only the shin, the last wrap should be placed just below the knee joint, where the shin tapers slightly. This bandage will stick better. There is no need to end the bandage at the level of the knee joint; it is better to take a second bandage and continue bandaging to the level of the thigh.

DOCTOR'S ADVICE

At the first signs of varicose veins, begin to act immediately:

- avoid excessive physical activity, do not lift weights;

- do not stand motionless for a long time; - lose excess weight; - wear low-heeled shoes (no higher than 4 cm);

- take the stairs more often;

- avoid overheating: long sunbathing or hot baths;

- do a contrast shower for your feet;

- while resting, place your legs on a raised platform so that your feet are 15 cm above the level of your heart;

— vigorous walking (but not running), swimming, cycling are good.

Vein disease affects women twice as often because their veins are naturally thinner and their connective tissues are weaker. An additional provoking factor may be pregnancy.

Indications and contraindications

You need to know what an elastic bandage is for:

• in case of varicose veins of the lower extremities;
• to bandage the foot with an elastic bandage in case of sprained ligaments and tendons;
• to maintain the correct position and maintain the integrity of the joints;
• for the purpose of treating degenerative-dystrophic diseases of the joints;
• for rehabilitation in the postoperative period;
• as a prophylaxis against thrombosis.

Contraindications to the use of compression elastic bandages include:

• late stage heart failure;
• infectious diseases of the extremities in the acute stage;
• diabetic foot syndrome;
• vascular diseases accompanied by obliteration - fusion or closure of blood vessels with connective tissue as a result of an inflammatory process or tumor growth.

PREGNANCY AND VARICOSE

A pregnant woman is at significantly greater risk of developing varicose veins. The reason is hormonal changes in the body and increased body weight, which puts additional stress on the veins.

What can be done for veins during pregnancy? Even if none of the family members have venous diseases, do not forget to do gymnastics to train the veins and breathing exercises for better blood supply. And the use of elastic bandages will help relieve swelling of the legs.

THE NATURE OF VARICOSIS

Our blood vessels function continuously, like a busy two-way highway, pumping 4,500 liters of blood through the heart per day. Through the arteries, blood is directed from the heart to the lungs (the natural force of gravity helps it in this), enriched with fresh oxygen, washes the internal organs, and then, already spent, returns back through the veins. The way up is more difficult, and here the calf muscles help perform the pump functions: contracting with every movement, they force the veins to contract and the blood flows upward. To prevent the flow of blood from being disrupted, nature created special shutter valves on the inner walls of the veins that open only in one direction.

If you stand or sit for a long time, blood accumulates in one place, the veins dilate, and the valves can no longer reliably block the reverse flow (Fig. 2). The veins lose their elasticity, become deformed and appear as unsightly nodes on the skin of the legs (Fig. 3).

COSMETOLOGIST'S ADVICE

If you are at risk, follow these rules to maintain healthy veins:

- refuse bioepilation;

— do not use hard sponges and brushes;

- do not use body scrubs that contain crushed bones and nut shells

Varicose veins are not just a cosmetic problem. Waste from waste blood stagnates in the veins, irritating their walls, causing tissue inflammation. Varicose veins cannot be left untreated: blood clots and blood clots form in the inflamed areas of the veins. Having broken away from the venous wall, such a thrombus can travel through the bloodstream into the lungs, causing blockage of the pulmonary artery.

COMPRESSION THERAPY FOR VARICOSE

Compression therapy has been considered for many years as an adjunct to drug therapy or surgery. Compression treatment has been used since ancient times, but only in recent decades has elastic compression begun to be considered as a separate and independent type of treatment - COMPRESSION THERAPY.

Compression is the main and most effective method of treatment for chronic venous insufficiency, when maintaining the elasticity of the veins is especially important. For this purpose, we suggest you use high-quality medical elastic bandages.

A properly applied bandage eliminates the possibility of backflow of blood and eliminates venous stagnation. Very often, patients who can help themselves only by using an elastic bandage refuse it simply because they do not know how to apply the bandage correctly or how to secure it.

How to use an elastic bandage for varicose veins

Compression bandages for varicose veins are beneficial if applied correctly. Nurses teach patients how to bandage a leg with an elastic bandage for varicose veins. Bandaging the legs with an elastic bandage for varicose veins is performed according to the algorithm:

1. They begin to apply a bandage immediately after waking up, without lowering their legs from bed;
2. If the bandage is applied after the patient has moved or just stood, you should first take a lying position for 15 minutes with the lower limb elevated at an angle of 150;
3. An elastic bandage on the leg is applied to the ankles towards the foot with the obligatory grip of the heel;
4. Each subsequent turn of the bandage should cover the previous one by about 30-50%;
5. To prevent the bandage from slipping, a “figure eight lock” is applied to the heel;
6. The elastic bandage must be applied evenly, making sure to cover all areas without exception. As the lower limb is wrapped, the tension is gradually released. When the bandage is tensioned, no folds should appear. Excessive tension can negatively affect microcirculation and do more harm than good;
7. Once the elastic bandage is properly applied, the fingertips may appear slightly blue, but the natural color should quickly return as you walk.

Before resting in a supine position, the patient is advised to remove the elastic bandage. The exception is additional instructions from the attending physician. Leg bandages for varicose veins are selected for each limb individually, depending on the nature of the damage to the venous vessels.

An elastic bandage for varicose veins of the legs is not used if the following contraindications are present:

• Decompensated chronic heart failure;
• Diabetic foot;
• Acute infectious diseases of the skin of the legs;
• Obliterating diseases of the arteries of the lower extremities.

Phlebologists at the Yusupov Hospital individually select the method of compression therapy for varicose veins of the lower extremities, and tell patients how to bandage a leg with an elastic bandage for varicose veins.

DOCTOR'S ADVICE

Along with the treatment that the doctor will prescribe for you, the body must receive a sufficient amount of substances that help strengthen blood vessels and prevent the formation of blood clots.

For diseased veins, it is necessary to follow a diet with a minimum of salt and spices, eat food rich in vitamins and fiber, and drink freshly squeezed juices. Try to avoid anything fatty, overcooked, or smoked.

Avoid products with a large number of synthetic additives, as well as those made from refined white flour and polished rice.

Pay attention to two vitamins that are especially important for you: P (rutin) and R (thiamine hydrochloride).

Monitor your total caloric intake and try not to gain excess weight.

The effect of bandaging is obvious - the diameter of the veins decreases, swelling subsides, pain in the leg and a feeling of heaviness disappear. Compression not only promotes the healing of trophic ulcers, but is also an effective prevention: the pressure of the bandage in combination with movement increases the speed of blood flow by approximately two times, reviving metabolic processes. Bandaging is useful for any form of venous insufficiency.

Hydroactive dressings (solution activated dressings)

The coating of these dressings consists of sodium salt fibers and carboxymethylcellulose, which upon contact with wound secretions turn into a transparent gel. It creates a moist environment on the surface of the wound and does not stick to the wound.

Aquacel Extra

Aquacel Extra. Photo: cdnx.jumpseller.com

HydroClean plus - dressings with active Ringer's solution

The bandage inside contains a gel that has absorbed Ringer's solution. Ringer's solution is a saline solution that draws out drainage and pus from a wound. It absorbs the exudate, and Ringer's solution washes the wound. Works great on dry wounds with necrosis. Cleans wounds containing pus and dead tissue.

HydroClean plus. Photo: prom.ua

TRAINER'S TIPS

Athletes know: no training session begins without a preliminary warm-up. Why do you need a warm-up? A set of simple exercises will warm up the muscles of the body, making the circulatory system and musculoskeletal system ready for stress. The risk of injury will be significantly reduced. The physiological effect of warming up is explained by the fact that human organs and systems have a certain inertia and are not able to immediately engage in action. Warming up should be performed in low-intensity mode for 5-15 minutes.

Tennis players who tirelessly hit the ball with their rackets suffer from professional pain in the elbow joint. Runners and football players suffer from meniscus prolapse. The painter's fingers, being in one position for hours, sometimes refuse to hold the brush. A graphic artist, who clicks a computer mouse day after day, is surprised to notice that his hand begins to cramp. The legs of an office worker, crossed all day under the table, and the legs of a salesperson standing behind the counter get tired. All those who have experienced increased physical activity for a long time - ballet dancers, surgeons - are also susceptible to the disease.

If your profession is in a “risk zone” and involves long periods of standing (teachers, salespeople, hairdressers, waiters), working in a monotonous position (ticketeers, accountants, cashiers) or heavy load on the hands (turners, loaders), You have the power to prevent occupational diseases or mitigate and alleviate their manifestations. Daily wearing of elastic medical bandages or TONUS ELAST bandages will relieve pain, warm tired muscles, and you will feel the relief you have long dreamed of.

DOCTOR'S ADVICE

The most important rule is to constantly move your wrist to avoid hardening, which can take months to get rid of. To restore and strengthen your wrist, stretch the surrounding muscles by bending your fingers towards your elbow and holding them in this position for 30 seconds. When you feel pain, stop. If everything is fine, try rolling a 5-centimeter lump of plasticine in your fingers for 30 seconds. Over the course of a week, increase to a few minutes. When rehabilitating when lifting weights, start with lighter weights and perform more repetitions. In case of pain, inflammation or swelling, it is necessary to cover the injured area with ice wrapped in a towel. If the pain continues, consult a doctor.

In what cases should you consult a doctor?

Seeking help from a doctor during the healing process of a suture is a completely normal practice, even in the absence of serious problems. And in the event of adverse reactions due to a violation of the treatment regimen or any unforeseen circumstances, it is absolutely impossible to delay it. First of all, it is dangerous to ignore the following symptoms:

• bleeding that cannot be stopped by conventional means;
• high temperature (more than 38 degrees);
• weakness, chills;
• increasing pain or other progressive discomfort that cannot be relieved with medications;
• purulent discharge of a bright yellow or green color with a thick consistency and very often with an unpleasant odor;
• severe redness, swelling, or swelling in the wound area;
• the skin at the site of injury is hard and hot to the touch;
• the appearance of a rash or blisters;
• Suspicion of seam dehiscence.

BANDAGE SCHEME FOR VARICOSE DISEASE

1. Select a bandage from the TONUS ELAST range of the length, width and degree of extensibility you need. 2. Before bandaging, lie down with your legs elevated for 5-10 minutes; Leave the bandaged leg elevated. 3. The bandage is applied to the foot from the ankle to the base of the toes; then the lower leg and thigh are bandaged from bottom to top. 4. Each round of the bandage is applied with an overlap of the previous round by 50-70%. 5. The greatest tension of the bandage is in the ankle area, gradually reduce it towards the top of the leg. 6. It is necessary to bandage the heel and form a so-called “lock” with a coil of the bandage, which prevents the bandage from slipping when walking. 7. The last round of the bandage should be 5 - 10 cm above the affected venous area; the end of the bandage is secured with clips or a safety pin.

When the bandage is applied correctly, the fingertips turn slightly blue at rest, and after movement begins, the color returns to normal. After applying an elastic bandage, the patient is recommended to practice walking for 20-30 minutes.

How to care for your stump

The care phase is important because a healthy stump is your key to a full, active life with a prosthesis. We will tell you how to live with a prosthesis, overcome fear and open up opportunities. But first, the rules for caring for the stump.

Caring for the stump after surgery consists of two stages:

1. Early postoperative care. Elastic bandaging of the stump, exercises for developing joints, applying ointments and taking medications are carried out under the supervision of a doctor. First, medical personnel do this, then the patient and his relatives are taught how to properly care for the stump at home.
2. Constant care. At this stage, care promotes comfortable wearing of the prosthesis. This assumes that the sutures have been removed, skin sensitivity is normal and all care consists of stump massage, hygiene procedures, gymnastics, prevention of skin cracks and rubbing of the prosthesis.

IMPORTANT: procedures and care tips are effective if you do them daily.

Fighting phantom pain

Phantom pain is treated with painkillers and psychotherapy, massage helps relieve some of the pain. Phantom impulse gymnastics has a positive effect. Treatment is prescribed by the doctor at the early postoperative stage of care.

Hygiene

The stump should be washed daily with mild soap and then wiped dry. Fragrance-free products with a neutral pH are suitable for stump care.

Observation

You must monitor the condition of the stitches, scars and skin color of the stump. Use a small mirror to carefully examine the stump. Has anything changed in the appearance of the stump? Tell your doctor about this.

Hardening

Here your best friends are contrast showers, sun and air baths. But not all at once. First, air and sun baths: start with 1 minute in the first days, then add 1 minute and bring it up to 15 minutes a day. First discuss any advice with your doctor, he will look at your skin type and tell you how safe it is. When you return from the hospital, it’s time for a contrast shower. Simply alternate a minute in hot water with a minute in cold water for up to 10 minutes.

Tips if you start wearing a prosthesis:

1. To prevent the prosthesis from rubbing your skin in the summer when you sweat, use an alcohol solution of boric acid. After treatment, wipe the skin dry and sprinkle talc (baby powder) on top;
2. To prevent cracks in the skin, use glycerin-containing ointments.

Decongestant therapy

Swelling is a major problem after amputation. Dont be upset. This is a normal reaction of the body to surgery. Postoperative swelling will go away within a month. However, the stump will lose another couple of centimeters in diameter within a year or two after the operation.

All control methods described below must be used with the permission of the attending physician. The key to success is not the strength of the bandage or the intensity of the massage, but the consistency of following the doctor’s orders. All measures must be applied in combination, then the result will not be long in coming.

Elastic bandaging of the stump

Compression therapy improves blood circulation in the stump by squeezing it. These measures help in the fight against phantom pain, accelerate the tissue healing process, and form the correct shape of the stump.

Elastic bandage (bandage) - dressing with elastic bandages. This is an affordable and therefore common way to combat swelling. First, the nurses bandage the stump, then you do it yourself. The advantage of this method is that you can choose the method and density of bandaging according to the size, shape of the stump and sensitivity of the skin.

The nuances of using a bandage:

• The bandage should be removed periodically and the scars and skin color checked.
• A loose bandage will be ineffective, but you should not tighten the stump either - this can damage the tissue.
• In any method of dressing, the main thing is to tighten the end of the stump tightly; the higher you go to the thigh, the weaker the bandage. A stump that is not tightened at the end, which is pinched from above, will cause a lot of inconvenience: from increased swelling to tissue damage and the creation of an irregularly shaped stump.
• Secure the bandage with adhesive tape and not with metal objects. So the chance of hurting yourself is zero.
• Learn bandaging techniques in the hospital under the supervision of nurses. Ask them questions to understand the dressing process in detail. A mistake in wearing a brace every day can cost you your health.
• Wash and disinfect bandages every day. Dry them by spreading them on the surface, so they will last longer.

Compression stockings are similar to bandaging. Its advantage is ease of use. You can choose your size or make a custom order. The stocking is attached to the thigh belt using garters.

Stump massage

Before starting the massage, swelling and hypersensitivity of the skin should go away.

• If the swelling does not go away, the doctor prescribes lymphatic drainage massage. This is a special massage technique performed by professional massage therapists.
• To remove skin hypersensitivity, the doctor prescribes a light massage with lotion. Massage is done with soft objects (cotton), moving on to rougher and harder objects (hard balls).

The massage time is first 5-10 minutes, then up to 15-20 minutes. Exercises should be done 3-5 times a day. The intensity of the touches begins with light ones and increases in intensity. The direction of massage movements is from the end of the stump to the thigh. After the massage, pain should go away and not intensify. Bruises after a massage are a signal that it is too intense, it shouldn’t be that way.

If there are no contraindications, then you can begin self-massage of the stump.

1. Stroking. After light strokes come more intense strokes with the hand circling the entire surface of the stump.
2. Working with soft scar tissue. First, move the soft tissue in the scar area in different directions. This technique should not cause pain, the movements are slow and careful. Stroke the scar tissue: starting with superficial touches and ending with deeper touches. Rub the soft tissue in the scar area in a spiral: move your thumbs alternately on each side of the scar. Do not pull the skin in the scar area; approach the scar carefully. “Vibration” of tissues - lightly pat and rock the tissues in the lower part of the stump.
3. Working with soft end tissues. Move the tissues of the end, this will ensure the mobility of the tissues relative to the bone.
4. Finish the massage by rubbing the muscles in a spiral, moving slowly and evenly.

Suture care after surgery

Until you leave the hospital, the condition of the suture is monitored by medical staff. Then proper care consists of seam hygiene and the use of properly selected ointments. Follow all the advice of the doctor and medical staff, they will tell you what is needed specifically in your case.

While there is a scab on the seam (a crust that covers the wound during healing), it needs rest and disinfection. As soon as the “crust” has completely disappeared, you can begin comprehensive care: soft creams, healing ointments, massage of the scar and the skin around it.

SCHEME OF BANDAGING THE AREA OF THE WRIST JOINT

1. Wrap a full circle, starting from the inside of the wrist. 2. Make a diagonal turn down through the outside of the hand between the thumb and forefinger, and through the palm back to the wrist. 3. Wrap the bandage around the wrist and down through the palm, then around the outside of the hand between the thumb and index finger, and back to the palm. Wrap your wrist. We also make a second full turn in a figure eight. 4. Wrap the wrist and begin to make circular turns up the arm, partially covering (half) of the previous layer. Secure the bandage over your wrist.

SCHEME FOR BANDAGED HANDS DURING BOXING

It is best to bandage your hands yourself so that you can feel how tightly your hand is tightened. The hand should be bandaged so that the bandage does not pinch when the hand is straightened, but tightens well when it is clenched into a fist. There are many different ways to wrap your hands. Each boxer chooses the most convenient one for himself, although he may change it more than once during training. As an example, one of the ways to bandage hands is given: 1. You should put a “loop” on the thumb and start wrapping a full circle around the lower part of the palm, then move on to the wrist. 2. Turn diagonally, then upward through the outside of the hand between the thumb and forefinger. 3. Then you need to make two full turns at the base of the fingers. 4. Wrap the bandage around your wrist down to the base of your thumb. 5. Turn the bandage around your thumb. 6. Continue wrapping across the outside of the palm to the base of the thumb. 7. Wrap a full tour of the bandage along the inside of the palm between the thumb and forefinger diagonally. 8. Turn the bandage around your thumb. 9. Make a turn from the base of the thumb along the bottom of the palm. 10. Turn diagonally, then up through the outside of the hand between the thumb and forefinger. 11. Then you need to make two full turns at the base of the fingers. 12. Secure the bandage. When securing a bandage with adhesive tape, it should not be wrapped around your fingers, which should be protected only by the bandage. Do not wet the bandages.

Overlay technique

Depending on where the bandage is applied, a strict sequence of actions must be followed.

Ankle bandage

How to bandage your leg with an elastic bandage in the ankle area:

1. The ankle should be wrapped with an elastic bandage, starting with two turns around the ankle.
2. Then make two turns, starting from the back of the foot;
3. Next, wrap the bandage around the ankle again.
4. Repeat the required number of times until the entire ankle is secured with an elastic bandage.
5. The bandage is secured under the ankle.

Wrist band

When bandaging your wrist:

1. The bandage is fixed in one turn around the wrist.
2. Stretch it from the back of the hand between the thumb and index finger, then return through the palm to the wrist.
3. After this, the bandage is pulled through the palm and returned to the wrist.
4. Repeat the required number of rounds of the bandage until the joint is completely fixed.
5. Attach a bandage to your wrist.

Knee (or elbow) bandage

When applying the bandage, the knee or elbow should be in a comfortable flexed position.

1. Wrap the bandage two turns below the joint.
2. From the back of the arm or leg, the bandage is pulled above the joint and made two turns.
3. Perform overlapping turns above and below the joint until it is completely closed.
4. Secure the end of the bandage in a convenient place below or above the joint.

General recommendations

1. You need to wind the elastic bandage, overlapping each next turn with the previous one by no less than a third of the width and no more than half.
2. The tension of the bandage should be loosened as you move from the narrow part to the wide part.
3. The bandage should not have gaps or folds.
4. It is convenient to use self-fixing bandages.